East Asia & Pacific / THA

Thailand

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Last updated: October 29, 2026

World Bank directory: capital Bangkok · 13.7308°, 100.521° · sourceRetrieved 2026-10-29 · single source, unverified; directory metadata may be stale.

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CIA World Factbook map, February 2021 media edition. Identity reviewed; current boundaries have not been audited. visual contact sheet or original identity check; does not verify current boundaries Boundaries, place names and designations may be dated or disputed; original annotations retained. SHA-256: f587643b9d58d0a8087a009e52f14d16d10a8e6293e877b2281cfe555c6ee393. Provenance and inspection record.

Introduction

Background:¹

Two unified Thai kingdoms emerged in the mid-13th century. The Sukhothai Kingdom, located in the south-central plains, gained its independence from the Khmer Empire to the east. By the late 13th century, Sukhothai’s territory extended into present-day Burma and Laos. Sukhothai lasted until the mid-15th century. The Thai Lan Na Kingdom was established in the north with its capital at Chang Mai; the Burmese conquered Lan Na in the 16th century. The Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th-18th centuries) succeeded the Sukhothai and would become known as the Siamese Kingdom. During the Ayutthaya period, the Thai/Siamese peoples consolidated their hold on what is present-day central and north-central Thailand. Following a military defeat at the hands of the Burmese in 1767, the Siamese Kingdom rose to new heights under the military ruler TAKSIN, who defeated the Burmese occupiers and expanded the kingdom’s territory into modern-day northern Thailand (formerly the Lan Na Kingdom), Cambodia, Laos, and the Malay Peninsula. In the mid-1800s, Western pressure led to Siam signing trade treaties that reduced the country’s sovereignty and independence. In the 1890s and 1900s, the British and French forced the kingdom to cede Cambodian, Laotian, and Malay territories that had been under Siamese control.

Following a bloodless revolution in 1932 that led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, Thailand's political history was marked by a series of mostly bloodless coups with power concentrated among military and bureaucratic elites. Periods of civilian rule were unstable. The Cold War era saw a communist insurgency and the rise of strongman leaders. Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the US in Vietnam. In the 21st century, Thailand has experienced additional turmoil, including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat and large-scale street protests led by competing political factions in 2008-2010. In 2011, THAKSIN's youngest sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of the government.

In 2014, after months of major anti-government protests in Bangkok, the Constitutional Court removed YINGLAK from office, and the Army, led by Gen. PRAYUT Chan-ocha, then staged a coup against the caretaker government. The military-affiliated National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) ruled the country under PRAYUT for more than four years, drafting a new constitution that allowed the military to appoint the entire 250-member Senate and required a joint meeting of the House and Senate to select the prime minister -- which effectively gave the military a veto on the selection. King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet passed away in 2016 after 70 years on the throne; his only son, WACHIRALONGKON (aka King RAMA X), formally ascended the throne in 2019. The same year, a long-delayed election allowed PRAYUT to continue his premiership, although the results were disputed and widely viewed as skewed in favor of the party aligned with the military. The country again experienced major anti-government protests in 2020. The reformist Move Forward Party won the most seats in the 2023 election but was unable to form a government, and Srettha THRAVISIN from the Pheu Thai Party replaced PRAYUT as prime minister after forming a coalition of moderate and conservative parties.

Geography

Location:²

Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma

Geographic coordinates:³

15 00 N, 100 00 E

Map references:⁴

Southeast Asia

Area:⁵

Surface area: 513,115 square kilometers (2024)

total:513,120 sq km

land:510,890 sq km

water:2,230 sq km

Area - comparative:⁷

about three times the size of Florida; slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries:⁸

total:5,673 km

border countries (4):Burma 2,416 km; Cambodia 817 km; Laos 1,845 km; Malaysia 595 km

Coastline:⁹

3,219 km

Maritime claims:¹⁰

territorial sea:12 nm

exclusive economic zone:200 nm

continental shelf:200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:¹¹

tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

Terrain:¹²

central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere

Elevation:¹³

highest point:Doi Inthanon 2,565 m

lowest point:Gulf of Thailand 0 m

mean elevation:287 m

Natural resources:¹⁴

tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land

Land use:¹⁵

agricultural land:43.8% (2023 est.)

arable land:31% (2023 est.)

permanent crops:11.2% (2023 est.)

permanent pasture:1.6% (2023 est.)

forest:39% (2023 est.)

other:17.2% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land:¹⁶

64,150 sq km (2012)

Major lakes (area sq km):¹⁷

salt water lake(s):Thalesap Songkhla - 1,290 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km):¹⁸

Mae Nam Khong (Mekong) (shared with China [s], Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km; Salween (shared with China [s] and Burma [m]) - 3,060 km; Mun - 1,162 km

note:[s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km):¹⁹

Indian Ocean drainage:Salween (271,914 sq km)

Pacific Ocean drainage:Mekong (805,604 sq km)

Population distribution:²⁰

highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters throughout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country

Natural hazards:²¹

land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts

Geography - note:²²

controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

People and Society

Population:²³

Population: 71,619,863 people (2025)

total:69,920,998 (2024 est.)

male:34,065,311

female:35,855,687

Nationality:²⁵

noun:Thai (singular and plural)

adjective:Thai

Ethnic groups:²⁶

Thai 97.5%, Burmese 1.3%, other 1.1%, unspecified <0.1% (2015 est.)

note:data represent population by nationality

Languages:²⁷

Thai (official) only 90.7%, Thai and other languages 6.4%, only other languages 2.9% (includes Malay, Burmese); English is a secondary language among the elite (2010 est.)

major-language sample(s)

major-language sample(s):สารานุกรมโลก - แหล่งข้อมูลพื้นฐานที่สำคัญ (Thai)

major-language sample(s):The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note:data represent population by language(s) spoken at home

Religions:²⁸

Buddhist 92.5%, Muslim 5.4%, Christian 1.2%, other 0.9% (includes animist, Confucian, Hindu, Jewish, Sikh, and Taoist) (2021 est.)

Age structure:²⁹

0-14 years:15.8% (male 5,669,592/female 5,394,398)

15-64 years:69% (male 23,681,528/female 24,597,535)

65 years and over:15.1% (2024 est.) (male 4,714,191/female 5,863,754)

Dependency ratios:³⁰

total dependency ratio:44.8 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio:22.9 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio:21.9 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio:4.6 (2024 est.)

Median age:³¹

total:41.5 years (2024 est.)

male:40.2 years

female:42.7 years

Population growth rate:³²

Population growth rate: -0.07 % annually (2025)

0.17% (2024 est.)

Birth rate:³⁴

Crude birth rate: 8.12 births per 1,000 people (2024)

9.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate:³⁶

Crude death rate: 9.03 deaths per 1,000 people (2024)

8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate:³⁸

-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution:³⁹

Urbanization:⁴⁰

Urban population: 62.8 % of population (2025)

urban population:53.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population:⁴²

11.070 million BANGKOK (capital), 1.454 Chon Buri, 1.359 million Samut Prakan, 1.213 million Chiang Mai, 1.005 million Songkla, 1.001 million Nothaburi (2023)

Sex ratio:⁴³

at birth:1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years:1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over:0.8 male(s)/female

total population:0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth:⁴⁴

23.3 years (2009 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio:⁴⁵

Maternal mortality ratio: 34 deaths per 100,000 live births (2023)

34 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate:⁴⁷

Infant mortality rate: 7.7 deaths per 1,000 live births (2024)

total:6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male:6.9 deaths/1,000 live births

female:5.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:⁴⁹

Life expectancy at birth: 76.56 years (2024)

total population:78.2 years (2024 est.)

male:75.2 years

female:81.3 years

Total fertility rate:⁵¹

Total fertility rate: 1.2 births per woman (2024)

1.54 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Gross reproduction rate:⁵³

0.75 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source:⁵⁴

At least basic drinking water services: 100 % of population (2024)

improved

urban:100% of population (2022 est.)

rural:100% of population (2022 est.)

total:100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved

urban:0% of population (2022 est.)

rural:0% of population (2022 est.)

total:0% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure:⁵⁶

Current health expenditure: 4.54 % of GDP (2023)

Health expenditure (as % of GDP):5.2% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget):16.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density:⁵⁸

Physicians: 0.54 per 1,000 people (2021)

0.54 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

Hospital bed density:⁶⁰

2.3 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access:⁶¹

At least basic sanitation services: 99.35 % of population (2024)

improved

urban:99.9% of population (2022 est.)

rural:100% of population (2022 est.)

total:100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved

urban:0.1% of population (2022 est.)

rural:0% of population (2022 est.)

total:0% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:⁶³

10% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita:⁶⁴

total:6.86 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer:1.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine:0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits:4.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols:0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use:⁶⁵

total:18.1% (2025 est.)

male:36.1% (2025 est.)

female:1.6% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:⁶⁶

6.7% (2022 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49):⁶⁷

60.8% (2023 est.)

Child marriage:⁶⁸

women married by age 15:5.5% (2022)

women married by age 18:17% (2022)

men married by age 18:5.8% (2022)

Education expenditure:⁶⁹

Government education expenditure: 2.52 % of GDP (2023)

Education expenditure (% GDP):2.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget):12.6% national budget (2025 est.)

Literacy:⁷¹

Adult literacy rate: 91.1 % of people aged 15 and over (2022)

total population:91.1% (2022 est.)

male:90.7% (2022 est.)

female:91.5% (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):⁷³

total:16 years (2023 est.)

male:16 years (2023 est.)

female:16 years (2023 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues:⁷⁴

air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; water scarcity; deforestation; soil erosion; illegal hunting; hazardous waste disposal

International environmental agreements:⁷⁵

party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements

Climate:⁷⁶

tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

Land use:⁷⁷

agricultural land:43.8% (2023 est.)

arable land:31% (2023 est.)

permanent crops:11.2% (2023 est.)

permanent pasture:1.6% (2023 est.)

forest:39% (2023 est.)

other:17.2% (2023 est.)

Urbanization:⁷⁸

urban population:53.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions:⁷⁹

total emissions:336.693 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke:79.928 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids:160.931 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas:95.834 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions:⁸⁰

26.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Methane emissions:⁸¹

energy:708.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)

agriculture:2,109.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste:635.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

other:57.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and recycling:⁸²

municipal solid waste generated annually:26.853 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled:40% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal:⁸³

municipal:2.739 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial:2.777 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

agricultural:51.79 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources:⁸⁴

438.61 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Geoparks:⁸⁵

total global geoparks and regional networks:2

global geoparks and regional networks:Khorat; Satun (2023)

Government

Country name:⁸⁶

conventional long form:Kingdom of Thailand

conventional short form:Thailand

local long form:Ratcha Anachak Thai

local short form:Prathet Thai

former:Siam

etymology:the name means "Land of the Thai," referring to the local population; the people's name comes from the Thai word tha , meaning "to be free;" the former name of Siam comes from the Sanskrit word syama , meaning "dark"

Government type:⁸⁷

constitutional monarchy

Capital:⁸⁸

name:Bangkok

geographic coordinates:13 45 N, 100 31 E

time difference:UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology:the name is from the Thai words bang (region) and kok (olive trees); the city's full ceremonial name holds the world record for longest place name, Krungthepmahanakhon amonrattanakosin mahintharayutthaya mahadilokphop noppharatratchathaniburirom udomratchaniwetmahasathan amonphimanawatansathit sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit, which means "City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest"

Administrative divisions:⁸⁹

76 provinces ( changwat , singular and plural) and 1 municipality* ( maha nakhon ); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Bueng Kan, Buri Ram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep* (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Saraburi, Satun, Sing Buri, Si Sa Ket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon

Legal system:⁹⁰

civil law system with common law influences

Constitution:⁹¹

history:many previous; latest drafted and presented 29 March 2016, approved by referendum 7 August 2016, signed into law by the king on 6 April 2017

amendment process:amendments require a majority vote in a joint session of the House and Senate and further require at least one fifth of opposition House members and one third of the Senate vote in favor; a national referendum is additionally required for certain amendments; all amendments require signature by the king

International law organization participation:⁹²

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship:⁹³

citizenship by birth:no

citizenship by descent only:at least one parent must be a citizen of Thailand

dual citizenship recognized:no

residency requirement for naturalization:5 years

Suffrage:⁹⁴

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:⁹⁵

chief of state:King WACHIRALONGKON; also spelled Vajiralongkorn (since 1 December 2016)

head of government:Prime Minister ANUTIN Charnvirakul (since 5 Sep 2025)

cabinet:Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the king; a Privy Council advises the king

election/appointment process:the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister candidate approved by House of Representatives and appointed by the king

Legislative branch:⁹⁶

legislature name:National Assembly (Rathhasapha)

legislative structure:bicameral

Legislative branch - lower chamber:⁹⁷

chamber name:House of Representatives (Saphaphuthan Ratsadon)

number of seats:500 (all directly elected)

electoral system:mixed system

scope of elections:full renewal

term in office:4 years

most recent election date:5/14/2023

parties elected and seats per party:Move Forward (151); Pheu Thai (141); Bhumjaithai (71); Palang Pracharath (40); United Thai Nation (36); Democrat Party (25); Other (36)

percentage of women in chamber:19.6%

expected date of next election:May 2028

Legislative branch - upper chamber:⁹⁸

chamber name:Senate (Wuthisapha)

number of seats:200 (all indirectly elected)

scope of elections:full renewal

term in office:5 years

most recent election date:6/9/2024 to 6/26/2024

percentage of women in chamber:22.5%

expected date of next election:June 2029

note:Senate members are indirectly elected from 20 eligible groups of professions, including agriculture, artists or athletes, business owners, education, employees or workers, independent professionals, industrialists, law and justice, mass communication, public health, science and technology, tourism-related professions, women, and elderly, disabled, or ethnic groups

Judicial branch:⁹⁹

highest court(s):Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president, 6 vice presidents, 60-70 judges, and organized into 10 divisions); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 8 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (number of judges determined by Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts)

judge selection and term of office:Supreme Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Justice and approved by the monarch; judge term determined by the monarch; Constitutional Court justices - 3 judges drawn from the Supreme Court, 2 judges drawn from the Administrative Court, and 4 judge candidates selected by the Selective Committee for Judges of the Constitutional Court, and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed by the monarch serve single 9-year terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts and appointed by the monarch; judges serve for life

subordinate courts:courts of first instance and appeals courts within both the judicial and administrative systems; military courts

Political parties:¹⁰⁰

Bhumjaithai Party or BJT (aka Phumchai Thai Party or PJT; aka Thai Pride Party)

Chat Thai Phatthana Party (Thai Nation Development Party) or CTP

Move Forward Party or MFP (dissolved by order of the Constitutional Court, August 2024)

Palang Pracharat Party (People's State Power Party) or PPRP

Pheu (Puea) Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP

Prachachat Party or PCC

Prachathipat Party (Democrat Party) or DP

Thai Sang Thai Party

United Thai Nation (Ruam Thai Sang Chat) or UTN

Diplomatic representation in the US:¹⁰¹

chief of mission:Ambassador Dr. SURIYA Chindawongse (since 17 June 2024)

chancery:1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:[1] (202) 944-3600

FAX:[1] (202) 944-3611

email address and website

email address and website:thai.wsn@thaiembdc.org

email address and website:https://washingtondc.thaiembassy.org/en/index

consulate(s) general:Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:¹⁰²

chief of mission:Ambassador Robert F. GODEC (since 7 October 2022); note - Sean O'NEILL was sworn in as the Ambassador-designate on 12 November 2025 and is expected to arrive in Thailand in the near-term

embassy:95 Wireless Road, Bangkok 10330

mailing address:7200 Bangkok Place, Washington DC 20521-7200

telephone:[66] 2-205-4000

FAX:[66] 2-205-4103

email address and website

email address and website:acsbkk@state.gov

email address and website:https://th.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general:Chiang Mai

International organization participation:¹⁰³

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence:¹⁰⁴

1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

National holiday:¹⁰⁵

Birthday of King WACHIRALONGKON, 28 July (1952)

Flag:¹⁰⁶

description:five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double-width), white, and red

meaning:red stands for the nation and the blood of life, white for religion and the purity of Buddhism, and blue for the monarchy

note:similar to the flag of Costa Rica, but with the blue and red colors reversed

National symbol(s):¹⁰⁷

garuda (mythical half-man, half-bird figure), elephant

National color(s):¹⁰⁸

red, white, blue

National coat of arms:¹⁰⁹

in 1911, King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) of Thailand officially adopted the Garuda as the national coat of arms and emblem; this mythological half-man, half-bird figure from the Hindu and Buddhist traditions is considered the vahana (vehicle) of the god Vishnu (Narayana) and was a symbol of royalty in Thailand for centuries

National anthem(s):¹¹⁰

title:"Phleng Chat Thai" (National Anthem of Thailand)

lyrics/music:Luang SARANUPRAPAN/Phra JENDURIYANG

history:music adopted 1934, lyrics adopted 1939; it is the law that citizens stand and show respect for nation when the anthem is heard; the anthem is played each day at 8:00 am and 6:00 pm when the flag is raised and lowered

history:_____

title:"Phleng Sanlasoen Phra Barami" (A Salute to the Monarch)

lyrics/music:Narisara NUWATTIWONG and King VAJIRAVUDH/Pyotr SHCHUROVSKY

history:royal anthem, played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies

National heritage:¹¹¹

total World Heritage Sites:8 (5 cultural, 3 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:Historic City of Ayutthaya (c); Historic Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns (c); Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries (n); Ban Chiang Archaeological Site (c); Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (n); Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex (n); The Ancient Town of Si Thep and its Associated Dvaravati Monuments (n); Phu Phrabat, a testimony to the Sīma stone tradition of the Dvaravati period (c)

Economy

Economic overview:¹¹²

upper middle-income Southeast Asian economy; substantial infrastructure; major electronics, food, and automobile parts exporter; globally used currency; extremely low unemployment; ongoing Thailand 4.0 economic development

Real GDP (purchasing power parity):¹¹³

$1.558 trillion (2024 est.)

$1.519 trillion (2023 est.)

$1.489 trillion (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate:¹¹⁴

2.5% (2024 est.)

2% (2023 est.)

2.6% (2022 est.)

note:annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita:¹¹⁵

$21,700 (2024 est.)

$21,200 (2023 est.)

$20,800 (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):¹¹⁶

GDP: 577,009,981,112.02 current US dollars (2025)

$526.411 billion (2024 est.)

note:data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices):¹¹⁸

1.4% (2024 est.)

8.5% (2023 est.)

-1.6% (2022 est.)

note:annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:¹¹⁹

agriculture:8.7% (2024 est.)

industry:32.1% (2024 est.)

services:59.2% (2024 est.)

note:figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use:¹²⁰

household consumption:58.2% (2024 est.)

government consumption:16.7% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital:22.2% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories:-0.6% (2024 est.)

exports of goods and services:70.1% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services:-66.7% (2024 est.)

note:figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products:¹²¹

sugarcane, rice, cassava, oil palm fruit, maize, rubber, tropical fruits, chicken, mangoes/guavas, fruits (2023)

note:top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries:¹²²

tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts, agricultural machinery, air conditioning and refrigeration, ceramics, aluminum, chemical, environmental management, glass, granite and marble, leather, machinery and metal work, petrochemical, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, printing, pulp and paper, rubber, sugar, rice, fishing, cassava, world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer

Industrial production growth rate:¹²³

0.9% (2024 est.)

note:annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force:¹²⁴

40.623 million (2024 est.)

note:number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate:¹²⁵

0.7% (2024 est.)

0.8% (2023 est.)

1% (2022 est.)

note:% of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):¹²⁶

total:4.3% (2024 est.)

male:3.1% (2024 est.)

female:6% (2024 est.)

note:% of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line:¹²⁷

5.4% (2022 est.)

note:% of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:¹²⁸

33.5 (2023 est.)

note:index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures:¹²⁹

on food:25.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco:3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:¹³⁰

lowest 10%:3.4% (2023 est.)

highest 10%:26.1% (2023 est.)

note:% share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances:¹³¹

1.8% of GDP (2024 est.)

1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)

1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

note:personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget:¹³²

revenues:$102.84 billion (2023 est.)

expenditures:$114.521 billion (2023 est.)

note:central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt:¹³³

61.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

note:central government debt as a % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues:¹³⁴

15.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note:central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance:¹³⁵

$11.089 billion (2024 est.)

$7.412 billion (2023 est.)

-$17.162 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports:¹³⁶

$369.191 billion (2024 est.)

$337.45 billion (2023 est.)

$324.111 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners:¹³⁷

USA 18%, China 13%, Japan 7%, Australia 4%, Singapore 4% (2023)

note:top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities:¹³⁸

machine parts, integrated circuits, trucks, cars, broadcasting equipment (2023)

note:top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports:¹³⁹

$351.419 billion (2024 est.)

$327.008 billion (2023 est.)

$334.44 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners:¹⁴⁰

China 26%, Japan 11%, USA 7%, UAE 6%, Taiwan 5% (2023)

note:top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities:¹⁴¹

crude petroleum, integrated circuits, natural gas, gold, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)

note:top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:¹⁴²

$236.934 billion (2024 est.)

$224.47 billion (2023 est.)

$216.501 billion (2022 est.)

note:holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt - external:¹⁴³

$37.065 billion (2023 est.)

note:present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates:¹⁴⁴

Currency:baht per US dollar -

35.294 (2024 est.)

34.802 (2023 est.)

35.061 (2022 est.)

31.977 (2021 est.)

31.294 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access:¹⁴⁵

electrification - total population:99.9% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas:100%

electrification - rural areas:100%

Electricity:¹⁴⁶

installed generating capacity:55.971 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption:215.281 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports:2.256 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports:35.805 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses:14.44 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources:¹⁴⁷

fossil fuels:81.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar:2.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind:1.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity:3.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste:10.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal:¹⁴⁸

production:12.812 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption:42.371 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports:65,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports:29.757 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves:1.063 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum:¹⁴⁹

total petroleum production:386,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption:1.397 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves:252.75 million barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas:¹⁵⁰

production:29.614 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption:52.351 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports:22.738 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves:138.243 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Energy consumption per capita:¹⁵¹

Total energy consumption per capita 2023:80.602 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines:¹⁵²

total subscriptions:4.087 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:6 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:¹⁵³

total subscriptions:121 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:176 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media:¹⁵⁴

26 digital TV stations and 6 terrestrial TV stations broadcast nationally via relay stations, with 2 of the terrestrial stations military-owned and the other 4 state-owned or state-controlled; some leased to private enterprise; all required to broadcast government-produced news; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscriptions available; radio frequencies allotted for over 500 government and commercial radio stations; many small community radio stations operate with low-power transmitters (2017)

Internet country code:¹⁵⁵

.th

Internet users:¹⁵⁶

percent of population:90% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions:¹⁵⁷

total:11.5 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:16 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:¹⁵⁸

Airports:¹⁵⁹

105 (2025)

Heliports:¹⁶⁰

5 (2025)

Railways:¹⁶¹

total:4,127 km (2017)

standard gauge:84 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (84 km electrified)

narrow gauge:4,043 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge

Merchant marine:¹⁶²

total:884 (2023)

by type:bulk carrier 28, container ship 28, general cargo 88, oil tanker 251, other 489

Ports:¹⁶³

total ports:21 (2024)

large:1

medium:2

small:3

very small:15

ports with oil terminals:14

key ports:Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha

Military and Security

Military and security forces:¹⁶⁴

Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF): Royal Thai Army (RTA), Royal Thai Navy (RTN; includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF)

Office of the Prime Minister: Royal Thai Police (2025)

note:official paramilitary forces in Thailand include the Thai Rangers (Thahan Phran or "Hunter Soldiers") under the Army; the Paramilitary Marines under the Navy; the Border Patrol Police (BPP) under the Royal Thai Police; the Volunteer Defense Corps (VDC or O So ) and National Defense Volunteers (NDV), both under the Ministry of Interior; there are also several government-backed volunteer militias created to provide village security against insurgents in the Deep South or to assist government security forces

Military expenditures:¹⁶⁵

1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths:¹⁶⁶

estimated 350,000 active-duty Armed Forces (250,000 Army; 70,000 Navy; 30,000 Air Force) (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:¹⁶⁷

the RTARF has a diverse array of foreign-supplied weapons and equipment, as well as some domestically produced items; in recent years, Thailand has received arms from a variety of countries, including China and the US; Thailand has a domestic defense industry, which produces such items as armored vehicles, artillery systems, naval vessels, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other military technologies (2024)

Military service age and obligation:¹⁶⁸

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 21 years of age for compulsory military service for men; men register at 18 years of age; volunteer service obligation may be as short as 6 or 12 months, depending on educational qualifications; conscript service obligation also varies by educational qualifications, but is typically 24 months (2024)

note:serving in the armed forces is a national duty of all Thai citizens; conscription was introduced in 1905; it includes women, however, only men over the age of 21 who have not gone through reserve training are conscripted; conscripts are chosen by lottery (on draft day, eligible draftees can request volunteer service, or they may choose to stay for the conscription lottery); approximately 100,000 men are drafted for military service each year

Military deployments:¹⁶⁹

280 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2024)

Military - note:¹⁷⁰

the missions of the Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF) include defending the country’s territory and sovereignty, protecting the monarchy, ensuring internal security, and responding to natural disasters; key areas of emphasis are disputed international borders and a low-level insurgency in the country's south; the military has historically had a large role in domestic politics and has attempted as many as 20 coups since the fall of absolute monarchy in 1932, the most recent being in 2014

in July 2025, following months of rising tensions, the RTARF and Cambodian military forces clashed in multiple locations along their disputed border; both sides blamed the other for provoking the five-day conflict, which included cross-border artillery shelling by both sides and air attacks by RTARF fighter aircraft and drones; since 2004, the RTARF and Thai paramilitary forces have combated a separatist insurgency in the southern Thailand provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, as well as parts of Songkhla; the insurgency is rooted in ethnic Malay nationalist resistance to Thai rule that followed the extension of Siamese sovereignty over the Patani Sultanate in the 18th century; the insurgency consists of several armed groups, the largest of which is the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi (BRN-C): insurgent attacks have largely involved bombings; since 2020, Thai officials have been negotiating with BRN, and has parallel talks with an umbrella organization, MARA Pattani, that claims to represent the insurgency groups (2025)

Space

Space agency/agencies:¹⁷¹

Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA; created in 2000 from the Thailand Remote Sensing Center that was established in 1979); National Space Policy Committee (NSPC) (2025)

note:GISTDA is under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation; the NSPC is an advisory body to the prime minister

Space launch site(s):¹⁷²

none; in 2023, announced intentions to build a spaceport with South Korean assistance (2025)

Space program overview:¹⁷³

has an ambitious national space program focused on the acquisition, production, and operation of satellites, as well as research and development of related infrastructure, sciences, and technologies; operates communications and remote sensing (RS) satellites; manufactures scientific/research/testing cube satellites and is developing the capabilities to produce RS satellites (has historically built satellites with foreign assistance); works with a range of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, France, India, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; founding member of the China-led Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO); has a commercial space industry, including Southeast Asia’s first dedicated satellite manufacturing facility, which opened in 2021 (2025)

Key space-program milestones:¹⁷⁴

1982 - established first satellite ground station

1993 - first foreign-built commercial communications satellite (Thaicom-1) launched on European rocket

2008 - first remote sensing satellite (Theos-1; aka Thaichote) co-developed with France and launched by Russia

2018 - first domestically produced scientific/research satellite (KNACKSAT) launched by US

2024 - signed memorandum of understanding with China for cooperation on Beijing's lunar research station project and space exploration; signed US-led Artemis Accords

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons:¹⁷⁵

refugees:87,025 (2024 est.)

IDPs:19 (2023 est.)

stateless persons:612,524 (2024 est.)

Illicit drugs:¹⁷⁶

USG identification

USG identification:major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

Additional observations

Real GDP growth¹⁷⁷: 2.44 % annual change (2025)
Consumer price inflation¹⁷⁸: -0.13 % annual change (2025)
Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate)¹⁷⁹: 0.78 % of labor force (2025)
Access to electricity¹⁸⁰: 100 % of population (2024)
Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption¹⁸¹: 19 % (2021)
Individuals using the internet¹⁸²: 90.87 % of population (2024)

Notes & sources

Background. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Location. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geographic coordinates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Map references. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Area. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 513,115 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 513,120 square kilometers. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Surface area. Surface area: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 513,115 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 513,120 square kilometers. ↩
Area - comparative. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land boundaries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Coastline. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maritime claims. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Terrain. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Elevation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural resources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Irrigated land. Reference edition; observation: 2012. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Major lakes (area sq km). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Major rivers (by length in km). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Major watersheds (area sq km). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural hazards. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geography - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 71,619,863 people (2025). Reference: 69,920,998 people (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population. Population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 71,619,863 people (2025). Reference: 69,920,998 people (2024). ↩
Nationality. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Ethnic groups. Reference edition; observation: 2015 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Languages. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Religions. Reference edition; observation: 2021 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Age structure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Dependency ratios. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Median age. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population growth rate. Population growth rate: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Birth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Crude birth rate. Crude birth rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Death rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Crude death rate. Crude death rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Net migration rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urban population. Urban population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Major urban areas - population. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Sex ratio. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Mother's mean age at first birth. Reference edition; observation: 2009. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maternal mortality ratio. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maternal mortality ratio. Maternal mortality ratio: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Infant mortality rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Infant mortality rate. Infant mortality rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Life expectancy at birth. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy at birth: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Total fertility rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total fertility rate. Total fertility rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Gross reproduction rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Drinking water source. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
At least basic drinking water services. At least basic drinking water services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. This separately sourced basic-service observation is shown alongside the reference edition’s improved/unimproved categories. It does not replace those category totals. ↩
Health expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Current health expenditure. Current health expenditure: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Physician density. Reference edition; observation: 2021. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Physicians. Physicians: observation 2021; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Hospital bed density. Reference edition; observation: 2021. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Sanitation facility access. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
At least basic sanitation services. At least basic sanitation services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. This separately sourced basic-service observation is shown alongside the reference edition’s improved/unimproved categories. It does not replace those category totals. ↩
Obesity - adult prevalence rate. Reference edition; observation: 2016. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Alcohol consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Tobacco use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Children under the age of 5 years underweight. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Currently married women (ages 15-49). Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Child marriage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Education expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Government education expenditure. Government education expenditure: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Literacy. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Adult literacy rate. Adult literacy rate: observation 2022; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Environmental issues. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International environmental agreements. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Carbon dioxide emissions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Particulate matter emissions. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Methane emissions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Waste and recycling. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total water withdrawal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total renewable water resources. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geoparks. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Country name. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Government type. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Capital. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Administrative divisions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legal system. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Constitution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International law organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Citizenship. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Suffrage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Executive branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legislative branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legislative branch - lower chamber. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legislative branch - upper chamber. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Judicial branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Political parties. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Diplomatic representation in the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Diplomatic representation from the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Independence. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National holiday. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Flag. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National symbol(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National color(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National coat of arms. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National anthem(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National heritage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Economic overview. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP (purchasing power parity). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP growth rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP (official exchange rate). Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 577,009,981,112.02 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 526,411,000,000 current US dollars (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP. GDP: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 577,009,981,112.02 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 526,411,000,000 current US dollars (2024). ↩
Inflation rate (consumer prices). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP - composition, by sector of origin. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP - composition, by end use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Agricultural products. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Industries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Industrial production growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Labor force. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Unemployment rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population below poverty line. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Average household expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Household income or consumption by percentage share. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Remittances. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Budget. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Public debt. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Taxes and other revenues. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Current account balance. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Debt - external. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exchange rates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity access. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity generation sources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Coal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Petroleum. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural gas. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Energy consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Telephones - fixed lines. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Telephones - mobile cellular. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Broadcast media. Reference edition; observation: 2017. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Internet country code. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Internet users. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Broadband - fixed subscriptions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Airports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Heliports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Railways. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Merchant marine. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Ports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military and security forces. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military and security service personnel strengths. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military service age and obligation. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military deployments. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military - note. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Space agency/agencies. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Space launch site(s). Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Space program overview. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Key space-program milestones. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Refugees and internally displaced persons. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Illicit drugs. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 14:06:03 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP growth. Real GDP growth: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator denotes the percentage change over each previous year of the constant price (base year 2015) series in United States dollars. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?format=json ↩
Consumer price inflation. Consumer price inflation: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?format=json ↩
Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate). Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate): observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. The ILO modeled estimate is not necessarily directly comparable with national unemployment measures. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json ↩
Access to electricity. Access to electricity: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?format=json ↩
Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption. Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption: observation 2021; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?format=json ↩
Individuals using the internet. Individuals using the internet: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?format=json ↩

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Introduction

Background:1

Geography

Location:2

Geographic coordinates:3

Map references:4

Area:5

Area - comparative:7

Land boundaries:8

Coastline:9

Maritime claims:10

Climate:11

Terrain:12

Elevation:13

Natural resources:14

Land use:15

Irrigated land:16

Major lakes (area sq km):17

Major rivers (by length in km):18

Major watersheds (area sq km):19

Population distribution:20

Natural hazards:21

Geography - note:22

People and Society

Population:23

Nationality:25

Ethnic groups:26

Languages:27

Religions:28

Age structure:29

Dependency ratios:30

Median age:31

Population growth rate:32

Birth rate:34

Death rate:36

Net migration rate:38

Population distribution:39

Urbanization:40

Major urban areas - population:42

Sex ratio:43

Mother's mean age at first birth:44

Maternal mortality ratio:45

Infant mortality rate:47

Life expectancy at birth:49

Total fertility rate:51

Gross reproduction rate:53

Drinking water source:54

Health expenditure:56

Physician density:58

Hospital bed density:60

Sanitation facility access:61

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:63

Alcohol consumption per capita:64

Tobacco use:65

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:66

Currently married women (ages 15-49):67

Child marriage:68

Education expenditure:69

Literacy:71

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):73