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East and Southeast Asia / TW

Taiwan

Taiwan flag
ⓘ

2021 Factbook flag mirror; image identity has not been individually audited. Source.

Last updated: October 29, 2026

Taiwan: CIA World Factbook map from 2021; original boundary notes preserved.
ⓘCIA World Factbook map, February 2021 media edition. Identity reviewed; current boundaries have not been audited. visual contact sheet or original identity check; does not verify current boundaries Boundaries, place names and designations may be dated or disputed; original annotations retained. SHA-256: b115c89421210251583474a770c09bb1631869706164c8b18bef925bf177922d. Provenance and inspection record.

Introduction

Background:1

First inhabited by Austronesian people, Taiwan became home to Han immigrants beginning in the late Ming Dynasty (17th century). In 1895, military defeat forced China's Qing Dynasty to cede Taiwan to Japan, which then governed Taiwan for 50 years. Taiwan came under Chinese Nationalist (Kuomintang, KMT) control after World War II. With the communist victory in the Chinese civil war in 1949, the Nationalist-controlled Republic of China government and 2 million Nationalists fled to Taiwan and continued to claim to be the legitimate government for mainland China and Taiwan, based on a 1947 constitution drawn up for all of China. Until 1987, however, the Nationalist Government ruled Taiwan under a civil war martial law declaration dating to 1948. Beginning in the 1970s, Nationalist authorities gradually began to incorporate the native population into the governing structure beyond the local level.

The democratization process expanded rapidly in the 1980s, leading to the then-illegal founding of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Taiwan’s first opposition party, in 1986 and the lifting of martial law the following year. Taiwan held legislative elections in 1992, the first in over 40 years, and its first direct presidential election in 1996. In the 2000 presidential elections, Taiwan underwent its first peaceful transfer of power with the KMT loss to the DPP and afterwards experienced two additional democratic transfers of power in 2008 and 2016. Throughout this period, the island prospered and turned into one of East Asia's economic "Tigers," becoming a major investor in mainland China after 2000 as cross-Strait ties matured. The dominant political issues continue to be economic reform and growth, as well as management of sensitive relations between Taiwan and China.

Geography

Location:2

Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China

Geographic coordinates:3

23 30 N, 121 00 E

Map references:4

Southeast Asia

Area:5

total:35,980 sq km
land:32,260 sq km
water:3,720 sq km
note:includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Kinmen islands

Area - comparative:6

slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined

Land boundaries:7

total:0 km

Coastline:8

1,566.3 km

Maritime claims:9

territorial sea:12 nm
exclusive economic zone:200 nm

Climate:10

tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); persistent and extensive cloudiness all year

Terrain:11

eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west

Elevation:12

highest point:Yu Shan 3,952 m
lowest point:South China Sea 0 m
mean elevation:1,150 m

Natural resources:13

small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, asbestos, arable land

Land use:14

agricultural land:22% (2023 est.)
arable land:16.6% (2023 est.)
permanent crops:5.4% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture:0% (2022 est.)
forest:0% (2022 est.)
other:78% (2022 est.)

Irrigated land:15

3,820 sq km (2012)

Population distribution:16

distribution exhibits a peripheral coastal settlement pattern, with the largest populations on the north and west coasts

Natural hazards:17

earthquakes; typhoons

volcanism:Kueishantao Island (401 m), east of Taiwan, is the only historically active volcano, but it has not erupted in centuries

Geography - note:18

strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the Luzon Strait

People and Society

Population:19

total:23,595,274 (2024 est.)
male:11,606,491
female:11,988,783

Nationality:20

noun:Taiwan (singular and plural)
adjective:Taiwan (or Taiwanese)
note:example - he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan

Ethnic groups:21

Han Chinese (including Holo, who compose approximately 70% of Taiwan's population, Hakka, and other groups originating in mainland China) more than 95%, indigenous Malayo-Polynesian peoples 2.3%

note 1:there are 16 officially recognized indigenous groups: Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Hla'alua, Kanakaravu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Sakizaya, Seediq, Thao, Truku, Tsou, and Yami; Amis, Paiwan, and Atayal are the largest and account for roughly 70% of the indigenous population
note 2:although not definitive, the majority of current genetic, archeological, and linguistic data support the theory that Taiwan is the ultimate source for the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia; the expansion (ca. 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1200) took place via the Philippines and eastern Indonesia and reached Fiji and Tonga by about 900 B.C.; from there voyagers spread across the rest of the Pacific islands over the next two millennia

Languages:22

Mandarin (official), Min Nan, Hakka dialects, approximately 16 indigenous languages

major-language sample(s)

世界概況 – 不可缺少的基本消息來源 (Mandarin)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions:23

Buddhist 35.3%, Taoist 33.2%, Christian 3.9%, folk religion (includes Confucian) approximately 10%, none or unspecified 18.2% (2005 est.)

Age structure:24

0-14 years:12.1% (male 1,472,059/female 1,391,031)
15-64 years:69% (male 8,132,356/female 8,155,582)
65 years and over:18.8% (2024 est.) (male 2,002,076/female 2,442,170)

Dependency ratios:25

total dependency ratio:44.9 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio:17.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio:27.3 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio:3.7 (2024 est.)

Median age:26

total:44.6 years (2024 est.)
male:43.6 years
female:45.5 years

Population growth rate:27

0.03% (2024 est.)

Birth rate:28

7.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate:29

8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate:30

1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution:31

distribution exhibits a peripheral coastal settlement pattern, with the largest populations on the north and west coasts

Urbanization:32

urban population:80.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization:0.65% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population:33

4.504 million New Taipei City, 2.754 million TAIPEI (capital), 2.319 million Taoyuan, 1.553 million Kaohsiung, 1.369 million Taichung, 863,000 Tainan (2023)

Sex ratio:34

at birth:1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years:1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.82 male(s)/female
total population:0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Infant mortality rate:35

total:3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male:4.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female:3.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:36

total population:81.6 years (2024 est.)
male:78.6 years
female:84.7 years

Total fertility rate:37

1.11 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Gross reproduction rate:38

0.54 (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49):39

51% (2023 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues:40

air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

Climate:41

tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); persistent and extensive cloudiness all year

Land use:42

agricultural land:22% (2023 est.)
arable land:16.6% (2023 est.)
permanent crops:5.4% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture:0% (2022 est.)
forest:0% (2022 est.)
other:78% (2022 est.)

Urbanization:43

urban population:80.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization:0.65% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions:44

total emissions:289.109 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke:140.734 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids:92.014 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas:56.361 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Waste and recycling:45

municipal solid waste generated annually:7.336 million tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled:13.8% (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources:46

67 cubic meters (2011)

Government

Country name:47

conventional long form:none
conventional short form:Taiwan
local long form:none
local short form:Taiwan
former:Formosa
etymology:the name may derive from the Chinese words tai (terrace) and wan (bay), referring to the island's terrain; in 1590, the Portuguese named it Formosa, meaning "beautiful"

Government type:48

semi-presidential republic

Capital:49

name:Taipei
geographic coordinates:25 02 N, 121 31 E
time difference:UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology:the name means "Northern Taiwan," from the Chinese words tai (a short form of Taiwan) and bei (north), reflecting the city's position in the far north of the island

Administrative divisions:50

includes main island of Taiwan, plus smaller islands nearby and off coast of China's Fujian Province; Taiwan is divided into 13 counties ( xian , singular and plural), 3 cities ( shi , singular and plural), and 6 special municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan

counties:Changhua, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Hualien, Kinmen, Lienchiang, Miaoli, Nantou, Penghu, Pingtung, Taitung, Yilan, Yunlin
cities:Chiayi, Hsinchu, Keelung
special municipalities:Kaohsiung (city), New Taipei (city), Taichung (city), Tainan (city), Taipei (city), Taoyuan (city)
note:Taiwan uses a variety of romanization systems for names; a modified Wade-Giles system still dominates, but the city of Taipei has adopted a Pinyin romanization for street and place names; other local authorities use different romanization systems

Legal system:51

civil law system

Constitution:52

history:previous 1912, 1931; latest adopted 25 December 1946, promulgated 1 January 1947, effective 25 December 1947
amendment process:proposed by at least one fourth of the Legislative Yuan membership; passage requires approval by at least three-fourths majority vote of at least three fourths of the Legislative Yuan membership and approval in a referendum by more than half of eligible voters

International law organization participation:53

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship:54

citizenship by birth:no
citizenship by descent only:at least one parent must be a citizen of Taiwan
dual citizenship recognized:yes, except that citizens of Taiwan are not recognized as dual citizens of the People's Republic of China
residency requirement for naturalization:5 years

Suffrage:55

20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:56

chief of state:President LAI Ching-te (since 20 May 2024)
head of government:Premier CHO Jung-tai (President of the Executive Yuan) (since 20 May 2024)
cabinet:Executive Yuan; ministers appointed by president on recommendation of premier
election/appointment process:president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple-majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier
most recent election date:13 January 2024
election results
2024:LAI Ching-te elected president; percent of vote - LAI Ching-te (DPP) 40.1%, HOU Yu-ih (KMT) 33.5%, KO Wen-je (TPP) 26.5%)
2020:TSAI Ing-wen reelected president; percent of vote - TSAI Ing-wen (DPP) 57.1%, HAN Kuo-yu (KMT) 38.6%, James SOONG (PFP) 4.3%
expected date of next election:2028

Legislative branch:57

legislature name:Legislative Yuan
legislative structure:unicameral
number of seats:113 (directly elected)
electoral system:plurality/majority
scope of elections:full renewal
term in office:4 years
most recent election date:13 January 2024
parties elected and seats per party:Kuomintang (KMT) 52, Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 51, Taiwan People's Party (TPP) 8, independent 2
percentage of women in chamber:41.6%
expected date of next election:January 2028

Judicial branch:58

highest court(s):Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 100 judges organized into civil and criminal panels, each with a chief justice and 4 associate justices); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 13 justices)
judge selection and term of office:Supreme Court justices appointed for life by the president; Constitutional Court justices appointed by the president, with approval of the Legislative Yuan, for 8-year terms, with half the membership renewed every 4 years
subordinate courts:high courts; district courts; hierarchy of administrative courts

Political parties:59

Democratic Progressive Party or DPP

Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party)

Taiwan People's Party or TPP

note:the DPP and the KMT are the two major political parties; more than 30 parties garnered votes in the 2024 election

Diplomatic representation in the US:60

chief of mission:none
Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices (branch offices):Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver (CO), Hagatna (Guam), Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, Washington DC

Note : commercial and cultural relations with its citizens in the US are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO), a private nonprofit corporation that performs citizen and consular services similar to those at diplomatic posts, represented by Ambassador Alexander YUI (since 11 December 2023); office: 4201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016; telephone: [1] (202) 895-1800; fax: [1] (202) 363-0999

Diplomatic representation from the US:61

chief of mission:the US does not have an embassy in Taiwan; commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), a private nonprofit corporation that performs citizen and consular services similar to those at diplomatic posts; it is managed by Director Raymond F. GREENE (since 8 July 2024)
mailing address:4170 AIT Taipei Place, Washington DC 20521-4170
telephone:[886] 2-2162-2000
FAX:[886] 2-2162-2251
email address and website:TaipeiACS@state.gov
email address and website:https://www.ait.org.tw/
branch office(s):American Institute in Taiwan
branch office(s):No. 100, Jinhu Road,
branch office(s):Neihu District 11461, Taipei City
other offices:Kaohsiung (Branch Office)

International organization participation:62

ADB (Chinese Taipei), APEC (Chinese Taipei), BCIE, CABEI, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), SICA (observer), WTO (Chinese Taipei)

note:separate customs territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu

National holiday:63

Republic Day (National Day), 10 October (1911)

note:celebrates the anniversary of the Chinese Revolution, also known as Double Ten (10-10) Day

Flag:64

description:red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper-left corner, bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays
meaning:blue stands for liberty, justice, and democracy; red for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationalism; white for equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays represent the months of the year and the traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)
history:the blue-and-white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895
note:similar to the flag of Samoa

National symbol(s):65

white sun with 12 rays on a blue field

National color(s):66

blue, white, red

National anthem(s):67

title:"Zhonghua Minguo guoge" (National Anthem of the Republic of China)
lyrics/music:HU Han-min, TAI Chi-t'ao, and LIAO Chung-k'ai/CHENG Mao-yun
history:adopted 1937; also the song of the Kuomintang Party; informally known as "San Min Chu I" or "San Min Zhu Yi" (Three Principles of the People); the anthem is banned from performance in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau

Economy

Economic overview:68

high-income East Asian economy; most technologically advanced computer microchip manufacturing; increasing Chinese interference threatens market capabilities; minimum wages rising; longstanding regional socioeconomic inequality

Real GDP (purchasing power parity):69

2023:$1.743 trillion (2023 est.)
2022:$1.664 trillion (2022 est.)
2021:$1.512 trillion (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate:70

2023:1.28% (2023 est.)
2022:2.59% (2022 est.)
2021:6.62% (2021 est.)
note:annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita:71

2023:$32,300 (2023 est.)
2022:$32,600 (2022 est.)
2021:$32,900 (2021 est.)
note:data are in current dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):72

$611.391 billion (2023 est.)

note:data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices):73

2024:2.2% (2024 est.)
2023:2.5% (2023 est.)
2022:2.9% (2022 est.)
note:annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by end use:74

household consumption:48.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption:13.3% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital:23.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories:-0.6% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services:64% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services:-49.1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural products:75

rice, vegetables, pork, chicken, cabbages, milk, sugarcane, tropical fruits, pineapples, eggs (2023)

note:top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries:76

electronics, communications and information technology products, petroleum refining, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals

Unemployment rate:77

2024:3.4% (2024 est.)
2023:3.5% (2023 est.)
2022:3.7% (2022 est.)
note:% of labor force seeking employment

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:78

2023:33.9 (2023 est.)
note:index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures:79

on food:13.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco:2.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget:80

revenues:$94.943 billion (2019 est.)
expenditures:$105.833 billion (2019 est.)

Public debt:81

2017:35.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
note:data for central government

Current account balance:82

2023:$105.076 billion (2023 est.)
2022:$101.032 billion (2022 est.)
2021:$118.298 billion (2021 est.)
note:balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports:83

2023:$432.432 billion (2023 est.)
2022:$479.415 billion (2022 est.)
2021:$446.371 billion (2021 est.)
note:figures complied according to the General Trade System - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners:84

China 20%, USA 17%, Hong Kong 13%, Singapore 9%, Japan 7% (2023)

note:top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities:85

integrated circuits, machine parts, broadcasting equipment, computers, plastics (2023)

note:top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports:86

2023:$351.441 billion (2023 est.)
2022:$428.083 billion (2022 est.)
2021:$381.958 billion (2021 est.)
note:figures complied according to the General Trade System - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners:87

China 21%, Japan 13%, USA 11%, S. Korea 9%, Australia 5% (2023)

note:top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities:88

integrated circuits, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, coal (2023)

note:top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Exchange rates:89

Currency:New Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar -
2024:32.108 (2024 est.)
2023:31.15 (2023 est.)
2022:29.777 (2022 est.)
2021:28.022 (2021 est.)
2020:28.211 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity:90

installed generating capacity:64.535 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption:270.648 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses:7.907 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources:91

fossil fuels:84.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear:6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar:4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind:2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity:1.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste:1.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy:92

Number of operational nuclear reactors:1 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors:0.94GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production:6.9% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down:5 (2025)

Coal:93

production:5.212 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption:64.609 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports:47,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports:58.15 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves:1 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum:94

total petroleum production:800 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption:954,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves:2.38 million barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas:95

production:60.761 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption:27.222 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports:26.997 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves:6.23 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Energy consumption per capita:96

Total energy consumption per capita 2023:206.102 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines:97

total subscriptions:10 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:43 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:98

total subscriptions:30 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:128 (2023 est.)

Broadcast media:99

5 national TV networks with about 22 stations; over 300 satellite TV channels available; about half of households use multi-channel cable TV; almost all subscribe to digital cable TV; national and regional radio networks with about 171 radio stations (2023)

Internet country code:100

.tw

Internet users:101

percent of population:90% (2021 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions:102

total:5,831,470 (2019 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:25 (2019 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:103

B

Airports:104

57 (2025)

Heliports:105

56 (2025)

Railways:106

total:1,613.1 km (2018)
standard gauge:345 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (345 km electrified)
narrow gauge:1,118.1 km (2018) 1.067-m gauge (793.9 km electrified)

150 0.762-m gauge note: the 0.762-gauge track belongs to three entities: the Forestry Bureau, Taiwan Cement, and TaiPower

Merchant marine:107

total:465 (2023)
by type:bulk carrier 29, container ship 53, general cargo 58, oil tanker 35, other 290

Ports:108

total ports:8 (2024)
large:1
medium:3
small:2
very small:2
ports with oil terminals:8
key ports:Chi-Lung, Hua-Lien Kang, Kao-Hsiung, Su-Ao

Military and Security

Military and security forces:109

Taiwan Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force

Ocean Affairs Council: Coast Guard Administration (CGA)

Ministry of Interior: National Police (2025)

note:the CGA is a law enforcement organization with homeland security functions during peacetime and national defense missions during wartime

Military expenditures:110

2024:2.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
2023:2.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
2022:2.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
2021:2.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
2020:2.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths:111

approximately 180,000 active-duty Armed Forces (95,000 Army; 45,000 Navy, including approximately 10,000 marines; 40,000 Air Force) (2025)

note:the military is comprised of both volunteers and conscripts; the conscripts serve 4-month tours, or 12 months for those born in 2005 and after; as of mid-2024, there were reportedly about 153,000 volunteer personnel serving in Taiwan's armed forces; in 2025, the military is expected to conscript about 75,000 men; Taiwan aims to maintain a military of about 215,000 plus reservists; Taiwan trains about 120,000 reservists annually, but in 2022 announced intentions to increase that figure to 260,000

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:112

the Taiwan military's inventory is a mix of domestically produced items and equipment acquired from the US, either as secondhand or direct acquisitions; Taiwan's domestic defense industry produces weapons systems such as aircraft, armored vehicles, missiles, and naval platforms (2024)

Military service age and obligation:113

men 18-36 years of age may volunteer or must complete 12 months of compulsory military service; civil service can be substituted for military service in some cases; women may enlist but are restricted to noncombat roles in most cases (2024)

note 1:in January 2024, Taiwan extended compulsory service from 4 to 12 months for men born in 2005 and thereafter

note 2: as of 2023, women made up about 15% of the active-duty military

Military - note:114

the military’s primary responsibility is external security, including the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory, and the protection of Taiwan’s air space, maritime claims, and sea lines of communication; its main focus is the challenge posed by the People’s Republic of China

the US Taiwan Relations Act of April 1979 states that the US shall provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive character and shall maintain the capacity of the US to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion that would jeopardize the security, or social or economic system, of the people of Taiwan (2025)

Space

Space agency/agencies:115

Taiwan Space Agency (TASA; renamed and reorganized in 2023 from the former National Space Program Organization or NSPO, which was established in 1991) (2025)

Space launch site(s):116

sounding rockets launched from Jui Peng Air Base (Pingtung); has announced intentions to build a future national space port on the southeast coast (Pingtung) (2025)

Space program overview:117

has had a national space program since the early 1990s, with a focus on acquiring satellites and developing independent space capabilities, such as rocket manufacturing and satellite launch services; manufactures and operates satellites and sounding rockets; researching and developing other space technologies, including remote sensing, telecommunications, small satellites, satellite payloads and ground station components, spacecraft components, navigational control, and rocket propulsion systems; has bilateral relations with the space programs of France, India, Japan, Paraguay, Poland, the UK, and the US; has a commercial space industry that provides components and expertise for the Taiwan Space Agency and is independently developing satellites and a small satellite launch vehicle; the government passed a space promotion act in 2021 to encourage private investment in the space industry (2025)

Key space-program milestones:118

1997 - launched first sounding rocket

1999 - first scientific satellite (FORMOSAT-1) built and launched by the US

2004 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (FORMOSAT-2) built by France and launched by US

2017 - first domestically built RS satellite (FORMOSAT-5) launched by US

2021 - initiated development of a commercial 3-stage, hybrid-engine rocket (Hapith-5)

2023 - first domestically made RS/meteorological satellite (FormoSat-7R/Triton) launched on European rocket

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons:119

IDPs:380 (2024 est.)

Illicit drugs:120

USG identification

major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

Historical observations

Notes & sources

  1. Background. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  2. Location. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  3. Geographic coordinates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  4. Map references. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  5. Area. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  6. Area - comparative. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  7. Land boundaries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  8. Coastline. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  9. Maritime claims. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  10. Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  11. Terrain. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  12. Elevation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  13. Natural resources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  14. Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  15. Irrigated land. Reference edition; observation: 2012. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  16. Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  17. Natural hazards. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  18. Geography - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  19. Population. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  20. Nationality. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  21. Ethnic groups. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  22. Languages. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  23. Religions. Reference edition; observation: 2005 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  24. Age structure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  25. Dependency ratios. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  26. Median age. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  27. Population growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  28. Birth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  29. Death rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  30. Net migration rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  31. Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  32. Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  33. Major urban areas - population. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  34. Sex ratio. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  35. Infant mortality rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  36. Life expectancy at birth. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  37. Total fertility rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  38. Gross reproduction rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  39. Currently married women (ages 15-49). Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  40. Environmental issues. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  41. Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  42. Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  43. Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  44. Carbon dioxide emissions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  45. Waste and recycling. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  46. Total renewable water resources. Reference edition; observation: 2011. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  47. Country name. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  48. Government type. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  49. Capital. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  50. Administrative divisions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  51. Legal system. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  52. Constitution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  53. International law organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  54. Citizenship. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  55. Suffrage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  56. Executive branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  57. Legislative branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  58. Judicial branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  59. Political parties. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  60. Diplomatic representation in the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  61. Diplomatic representation from the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  62. International organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  63. National holiday. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  64. Flag. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  65. National symbol(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  66. National color(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  67. National anthem(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  68. Economic overview. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  69. Real GDP (purchasing power parity). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  70. Real GDP growth rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  71. Real GDP per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  72. GDP (official exchange rate). Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  73. Inflation rate (consumer prices). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  74. GDP - composition, by end use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  75. Agricultural products. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  76. Industries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  77. Unemployment rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  78. Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  79. Average household expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  80. Budget. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  81. Public debt. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  82. Current account balance. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  83. Exports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  84. Exports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  85. Exports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  86. Imports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  87. Imports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  88. Imports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  89. Exchange rates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  90. Electricity. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  91. Electricity generation sources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  92. Nuclear energy. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  93. Coal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  94. Petroleum. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  95. Natural gas. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  96. Energy consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  97. Telephones - fixed lines. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  98. Telephones - mobile cellular. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  99. Broadcast media. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  100. Internet country code. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  101. Internet users. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  102. Broadband - fixed subscriptions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  103. Civil aircraft registration country code prefix. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  104. Airports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  105. Heliports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  106. Railways. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  107. Merchant marine. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  108. Ports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  109. Military and security forces. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  110. Military expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  111. Military and security service personnel strengths. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  112. Military equipment inventories and acquisitions. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  113. Military service age and obligation. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  114. Military - note. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  115. Space agency/agencies. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  116. Space launch site(s). Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  117. Space program overview. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  118. Key space-program milestones. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  119. Refugees and internally displaced persons. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  120. Illicit drugs. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-05 07:40:40 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
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Countries & territories

Same-year values. Equal values share a rank.

Sources & method

Ranks cover available countries and territories, using the same indicator, source unit and reference year. Unrounded source values determine ties. Coverage is not a sovereign-country or complete global ranking; national definitions may differ. Missing values and other years are excluded. The information icon preserves the original number, unit and evidence.

RankCountry or territoryValue
Source information
International organization