Sub-Saharan Africa / STP

Sao Tome and Principe

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Last updated: October 29, 2026

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CIA World Factbook map, February 2021 media edition. Identity reviewed; current boundaries have not been audited. visual contact sheet or original identity check; does not verify current boundaries Boundaries, place names and designations may be dated or disputed; original annotations retained. SHA-256: eb9d936e923682ecf92840ebc5d17473e89ab119da79dc8c4685ac537884575c. Provenance and inspection record.

Introduction

Background:¹

Portugal discovered and colonized the uninhabited Sao Tome and Principe islands in the late 15th century, setting up a sugar-based economy that gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century -- all grown with African slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. While independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the late 1980s.

The country held its first free elections in 1991, but frequent internal wrangling among the various political parties precipitated repeated changes in leadership and failed, non-violent coup attempts in 1995, 1998, 2003, and 2009. In 2012, three opposition parties combined in a no-confidence vote to bring down the majority government of former Prime Minister Patrice TROVOADA, but legislative elections returned him to the office two years later. President Evaristo CARVALHO, of the same political party as TROVOADA, was elected in 2016, marking a rare instance in which the same party held the positions of president and prime minister. TROVOADA resigned in 2018 and was replaced by Jorge BOM JESUS. Carlos Vila NOVA was elected president in 2021. TROVOADA began his fourth stint as prime minister in 2022, after his party's victory in legislative elections.

Geography

Location:²

Central Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, just north of the Equator, west of Gabon

Geographic coordinates:³

1 00 N, 7 00 E

Map references:⁴

Africa

Area:⁵

Surface area: 960 square kilometers (2024)

total:964 sq km

land:964 sq km

water:0 sq km

Area - comparative:⁷

more than five times the size of Washington, D.C.

Land boundaries:⁸

total:0 km

Coastline:⁹

209 km

Maritime claims:¹⁰

territorial sea:12 nm

exclusive economic zone:200 nm

note:measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

Climate:¹¹

tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Terrain:¹²

volcanic, mountainous

Elevation:¹³

highest point:Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m

lowest point:Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Natural resources:¹⁴

fish, hydropower

Land use:¹⁵

agricultural land:44.8% (2023 est.)

arable land:4.2% (2023 est.)

permanent crops:39.6% (2023 est.)

permanent pasture:1% (2023 est.)

forest:57.5% (2023 est.)

other:0% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land:¹⁶

100 sq km (2012)

Population distribution:¹⁷

Sao Tome, the capital city, has roughly a quarter of the nation's population; Santo Antonio is the largest town on Principe; the northern areas of both islands have the highest population densities, as shown in this population distribution map

Natural hazards:¹⁸

flooding

Geography - note:¹⁹

the second-smallest African country (after the Seychelles); the two main islands form part of a chain of extinct volcanoes, and both are mountainous

People and Society

Population:²⁰

Population: 240,254 people (2025)

total:223,561 (2024 est.)

male:111,553

female:112,008

Nationality:²²

noun:Sao Tomean(s)

adjective:Sao Tomean

Ethnic groups:²³

Mestico, Angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), Forros (descendants of freed slaves), Servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cabo Verde), Tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese), Asians (mostly Chinese)

Languages:²⁴

Portuguese 98.4% (official), Forro 36.2%, Cabo Verdian 8.5%, French 6.8%, Angolar 6.6%, English 4.9%, Lunguie 1%, other (including sign language) 2.4%; other Portuguese-based Creoles are also spoken (2012 est.)

note:shares of language sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

Religions:²⁵

Catholic 55.7%, Adventist 4.1%, Assembly of God 3.4%, New Apostolic 2.9%, Mana 2.3%, Universal Kingdom of God 2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 6.2%, none 21.2%, unspecified 1% (2012 est.)

Age structure:²⁶

0-14 years:36.4% (male 41,337/female 40,106)

15-64 years:60.3% (male 67,101/female 67,775)

65 years and over:3.2% (2024 est.) (male 3,115/female 4,127)

Dependency ratios:²⁷

total dependency ratio:65.8 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio:60.4 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio:5.4 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio:18.6 (2024 est.)

Median age:²⁸

total:20.8 years (2024 est.)

male:20.4 years

female:21.2 years

Population growth rate:²⁹

Population growth rate: 1.98 % annually (2025)

1.42% (2024 est.)

Birth rate:³¹

Crude birth rate: 28.09 births per 1,000 people (2024)

26.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate:³³

Crude death rate: 5.53 deaths per 1,000 people (2024)

6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate:³⁵

-6.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution:³⁶

Urbanization:³⁷

Urban population: 69.17 % of population (2025)

urban population:76.4% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:2.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population:³⁹

80,000 SAO TOME (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio:⁴⁰

at birth:1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years:1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:0.75 male(s)/female

total population:1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth:⁴¹

19.4 years (2008/09 est.)

note:data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29

Maternal mortality ratio:⁴²

Maternal mortality ratio: 75 deaths per 100,000 live births (2023)

75 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate:⁴⁴

Infant mortality rate: 9.2 deaths per 1,000 live births (2024)

total:42.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male:46.1 deaths/1,000 live births

female:39 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:⁴⁶

Life expectancy at birth: 69.91 years (2024)

total population:67.7 years (2024 est.)

male:66 years

female:69.4 years

Total fertility rate:⁴⁸

Total fertility rate: 3.6 births per woman (2024)

3.31 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Gross reproduction rate:⁵⁰

1.63 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source:⁵¹

At least basic drinking water services: 77.96 % of population (2024)

improved

urban:79.3% of population (2022 est.)

rural:71.1% of population (2022 est.)

total:77.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved

urban:20.7% of population (2022 est.)

rural:28.9% of population (2022 est.)

total:22.7% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure:⁵³

Current health expenditure: 5.77 % of GDP (2023)

Health expenditure (as % of GDP):7.8% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget):14.9% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density:⁵⁵

Physicians: 0.46 per 1,000 people (2022)

0.46 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density:⁵⁷

2.9 beds/1,000 population (2019 est.)

Sanitation facility access:⁵⁸

At least basic sanitation services: 48.68 % of population (2024)

improved

urban:56.8% of population (2022 est.)

rural:43.2% of population (2022 est.)

total:53.5% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved

urban:43.2% of population (2022 est.)

rural:56.8% of population (2022 est.)

total:46.5% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:⁶⁰

12.4% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita:⁶¹

total:4.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer:0.42 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine:3.58 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits:0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols:0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use:⁶²

total:7.3% (2025 est.)

male:13.1% (2025 est.)

female:1.7% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:⁶³

5.4% (2019 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49):⁶⁴

51.9% (2023 est.)

Child marriage:⁶⁵

women married by age 15:5.4% (2019)

women married by age 18:28% (2019)

men married by age 18:3.1% (2019)

Education expenditure:⁶⁶

Government education expenditure: 5.03 % of GDP (2023)

Education expenditure (% GDP):5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget):18.1% national budget (2024 est.)

Literacy:⁶⁸

total population:87.4% (2019 est.)

male:92.5% (2019 est.)

female:82.8% (2019 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):⁶⁹

total:13 years (2021 est.)

male:13 years (2021 est.)

female:13 years (2021 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues:⁷⁰

deforestation and illegal logging; soil erosion and exhaustion; inadequate sewage treatment in cities; biodiversity

International environmental agreements:⁷¹

party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban

Climate:⁷²

tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Land use:⁷³

agricultural land:44.8% (2023 est.)

arable land:4.2% (2023 est.)

permanent crops:39.6% (2023 est.)

permanent pasture:1% (2023 est.)

forest:57.5% (2023 est.)

other:0% (2023 est.)

Urbanization:⁷⁴

urban population:76.4% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:2.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions:⁷⁵

total emissions:146,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids:146,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions:⁷⁶

29 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling:⁷⁷

municipal solid waste generated annually:25,600 tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled:16.9% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal:⁷⁸

municipal:14.7 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial:600,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)

agricultural:25.6 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources:⁷⁹

2.18 billion cubic meters (2022)

Government

Country name:⁸⁰

conventional long form:Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe

conventional short form:Sao Tome and Principe

local long form:Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe

local short form:Sao Tome e Principe

etymology:Sao Tome was named after Saint THOMAS the Apostle by the Portuguese who discovered the island on 21 December 1470 (or 1471), the saint's feast day; Principe is a shortening of the original Portuguese name of "Ilha do Principe" (Isle of the Prince), referring to Prince ALPHONSO of Portugal

Government type:⁸¹

semi-presidential republic

Capital:⁸²

name:Sao Tome

geographic coordinates:0 20 N, 6 44 E

time difference:UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology:named after Saint THOMAS the Apostle by the Portuguese, who discovered the island on 21 December 1470 (or 1471), the saint's feast day

Administrative divisions:⁸³

6 districts ( distritos , singular - distrito ), 1 autonomous region* ( regiao autonoma ); Agua Grande, Cantagalo, Caue, Lemba, Lobata, Me-Zochi, Principe*

Legal system:⁸⁴

mixed system of civil law based on the Portuguese model and customary law

Constitution:⁸⁵

history:approved 5 November 1975

amendment process:proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; the Assembly can propose to the president of the republic that an amendment be submitted to a referendum

International law organization participation:⁸⁶

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship:⁸⁷

citizenship by birth:no

citizenship by descent only:at least one parent must be a citizen of Sao Tome and Principe

dual citizenship recognized:no

residency requirement for naturalization:5 years

Suffrage:⁸⁸

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:⁸⁹

chief of state:President Carlos Manuel VILA NOVA (since 2 October 2021)

head of government:Prime Minister Américo d'Oliveira DOS RAMOS (since 12 January 2025)

cabinet:Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president

election/appointment process:president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the president

most recent election date:18 July 2021, with a runoff on 5 September 2021

election results

election results:Carlos Manuel VILA NOVA elected president in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Carlos Manuel VILA NOVA (IDA) 39.5%; Guilherme POSSER DA COSTA (MLSTP-PSD) 20.8%; Delfim NEVES (PCD-GR) 16.9%; Abel BOM JESUS (independent) 3.6%; Maria DAS NEVES (independent) 3.3%; other 15.9%; percent of the vote in second round - Carlos Manuel VILA NOVA 57.5%, Guilherme POSSER DA COSTA 42.5%

election results:Evaristo CARVALHO elected president; percent of vote - Evaristo CARVALHO (ADI) 49.8%, Manuel Pinto DA COSTA (independent) 24.8%, Maria DAS NEVES (MLSTP-PSD) 24.1%

expected date of next election:2026

Legislative branch:⁹⁰

legislature name:National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional)

legislative structure:unicameral

number of seats:55 (all directly elected)

electoral system:proportional representation

scope of elections:full renewal

term in office:4 years

most recent election date:9/25/2022

parties elected and seats per party:Independent Democratic Alliance (ADI) (30); Sao Tome and Principe Liberation Movement/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP - PSD) (18); Movement of Independent Citizens - Socialist Party (MCI - PS) - National Unity Party (PUN) (5); Other (2)

percentage of women in chamber:14.5%

expected date of next election:September 2026

Judicial branch:⁹¹

highest court(s):Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal Justica (consists of 5 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 5 judges, 3 of whom are from the Supreme Court)

judge selection and term of office:Supreme Court judges appointed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the president and elected by the National Assembly for 5-year terms

subordinate courts:Court of First Instance; Audit Court

Political parties:⁹²

BASTA Movement

Independent Democratic Action or ADI

Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD

Movement of Independent Citizens of São Tomé and Príncipe - Socialist Party or MCI-PS

National Unity Party or PUN

Diplomatic representation in the US:⁹³

chief of mission:Ambassador (vacant)

chancery:122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604

chancery:New York, NY 101168

telephone:[1] (212) 317-0533

FAX:[1] (212) 317-0580

email address and website

email address and website:stp1@attglobal.net

email address and website:Sao Tome and Principe Permanent Mission to the United Nations

Diplomatic representation from the US:⁹⁴

embassy:the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the US Ambassador to Angola is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe

mailing address:2290 Sao Tome Place, Washington DC 20521-2290

International organization participation:⁹⁵

ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, CEMAC, CPLP, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Independence:⁹⁶

12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday:⁹⁷

Independence Day, 12 July (1975)

Flag:⁹⁸

description:three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double-width), and green with two five-pointed black stars in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the left side

meaning:green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red for the struggle for independence, and yellow for cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the main islands

history:uses the colors of the Pan-African movement

National symbol(s):⁹⁹

palm tree

National color(s):¹⁰⁰

green, yellow, red, black

National anthem(s):¹⁰¹

title:"Independencia total" (Total Independence)

lyrics/music:Alda Neves DA GRACA do Espirito Santo/Manuel dos Santos Barreto de Sousa e ALMEIDA

history:adopted 1975

Economy

Economic overview:¹⁰²

lower middle-income Central African island economy; falling cocoa production due to drought and mismanagement; joint oil venture with Nigeria; government owns 90% of land; high debt, partly from fuel subsidies; tourism gutted by COVID-19

Real GDP (purchasing power parity):¹⁰³

$1.291 billion (2024 est.)

$1.279 billion (2023 est.)

$1.275 billion (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate:¹⁰⁴

0.9% (2024 est.)

0.4% (2023 est.)

0.2% (2022 est.)

note:annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita:¹⁰⁵

$5,500 (2024 est.)

$5,500 (2023 est.)

$5,600 (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):¹⁰⁶

GDP: 981,293,586.91 current US dollars (2025)

$764.274 million (2024 est.)

note:data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices):¹⁰⁸

14.4% (2024 est.)

21.3% (2023 est.)

18% (2022 est.)

note:annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:¹⁰⁹

agriculture:12.8% (2024 est.)

industry:2.9% (2024 est.)

services:76.6% (2024 est.)

note:figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use:¹¹⁰

household consumption:81.4% (2017 est.)

government consumption:17.6% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital:33.4% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories:0% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services:7.9% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services:-40.4% (2017 est.)

Agricultural products:¹¹¹

plantains, oil palm fruit, taro, bananas, fruits, cocoa beans, yams, coconuts, cassava, vegetables (2023)

note:top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries:¹¹²

light construction, textiles, soap, beer, fish processing, timber

Industrial production growth rate:¹¹³

3.2% (2024 est.)

note:annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force:¹¹⁴

34,500 (2024 est.)

note:number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate:¹¹⁵

9.2% (2024 est.)

9.1% (2023 est.)

9% (2022 est.)

note:% of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):¹¹⁶

total:8.6% (2024 est.)

male:8% (2024 est.)

female:9.2% (2024 est.)

note:% of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line:¹¹⁷

55.5% (2017 est.)

note:% of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:¹¹⁸

40.7 (2017 est.)

note:index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share:¹¹⁹

lowest 10%:2.6% (2017 est.)

highest 10%:32.8% (2017 est.)

note:% share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances:¹²⁰

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

1.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

2% of GDP (2021 est.)

note:personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget:¹²¹

revenues:$128.767 million (2022 est.)

expenditures:$165.95 million (2022 est.)

note:central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt:¹²²

93.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Current account balance:¹²³

-$79.437 million (2022 est.)

-$95.248 million (2021 est.)

-$59.595 million (2020 est.)

note:balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports:¹²⁴

$96.977 million (2022 est.)

$75.256 million (2021 est.)

$49.337 million (2020 est.)

note:balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners:¹²⁵

Pakistan 54%, Germany 11%, Netherlands 7%, France 5%, UAE 3% (2023)

note:top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities:¹²⁶

crude petroleum, cocoa beans, vehicle parts/accessories, palm oil, aircraft parts (2023)

note:top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports:¹²⁷

$219.322 million (2022 est.)

$201.145 million (2021 est.)

$160.097 million (2020 est.)

note:balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners:¹²⁸

Portugal 35%, Angola 13%, Gabon 11%, Japan 8%, China 6% (2023)

note:top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities:¹²⁹

ships, refined petroleum, rice, electric generating sets, cars (2023)

note:top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:¹³⁰

$46.247 million (2023 est.)

$64.476 million (2022 est.)

$75.017 million (2021 est.)

note:holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt - external:¹³¹

$327.248 million (2023 est.)

note:present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates:¹³²

Currency:dobras (STD) per US dollar -

22.658 (2023 est.)

23.29 (2022 est.)

20.71 (2021 est.)

21.507 (2020 est.)

21.885 (2019 est.)

Energy

Electricity access:¹³³

electrification - total population:78% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas:80%

electrification - rural areas:73.7%

Electricity:¹³⁴

installed generating capacity:29,000 kW (2023 est.)

consumption:47.05 million kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses:40.95 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources:¹³⁵

fossil fuels:93.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity:6.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Petroleum:¹³⁶

refined petroleum consumption:1,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita:¹³⁷

Total energy consumption per capita 2023:8.875 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines:¹³⁸

total subscriptions:2,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:1 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:¹³⁹

total subscriptions:152,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:87 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media:¹⁴⁰

1 state-owned TV station; 2 state-owned radio stations; 7 independent local radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available

Internet country code:¹⁴¹

.st

Internet users:¹⁴²

percent of population:62% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions:¹⁴³

total:6,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:3 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:¹⁴⁴

Airports:¹⁴⁵

2 (2025)

Merchant marine:¹⁴⁶

total:25 (2023)

by type:general cargo 15, oil tanker 4, other 6

Ports:¹⁴⁷

total ports:2 (2024)

large:0

medium:0

small:0

very small:2

ports with oil terminals:0

key ports:Santo Antonio, Sao Tome

Military and Security

Military and security forces:¹⁴⁸

Armed Forces of Sao Tome and Principe (Forcas Armadas de Sao Tome e Principe, FASTP): Army, Coast Guard of Sao Tome e Principe (Guarda Costeira de Sao Tome e Principe, GCSTP), Presidential Guard, National Guard (2024)

note:the Army and Coast Guard are responsible for external security while the public security police and judicial police maintain internal security; both the public security police and the military report to the Ministry of Defense and Internal Affairs; the judicial police report to the Ministry of Justice, Public Administration, and Human Rights

Military and security service personnel strengths:¹⁴⁹

approximately 500 active Armed Forces (2023)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:¹⁵⁰

the FASTP is lightly armed and has a small inventory of mostly older weapons and equipment (2023)

Military service age and obligation:¹⁵¹

18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (reportedly not enforced); 17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service (2023)

Military - note:¹⁵²

the FASTP is one of the smallest militaries in Africa and consists of only a few companies of ground troops and some small patrol boats

in November 2022, the FASTP's headquarters was attacked shortly after the prime minister's inauguration in what São Tomé authorities described as an attempted coup; in 2024, the governments of Russia and São Tomé and Principe signed a military cooperation agreement, which included training, materiel and logistics support, and information sharing (2024)

Additional observations

Real GDP growth¹⁵³: 1.03 % annual change (2025)
Consumer price inflation¹⁵⁴: 11.05 % annual change (2025)
Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate)¹⁵⁵: 9.13 % of labor force (2025)
Access to electricity¹⁵⁶: 77.7 % of population (2024)
Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption¹⁵⁷: 42.5 % (2022)
Individuals using the internet¹⁵⁸: 59.12 % of population (2024)
Adult literacy rate¹⁵⁹: 87.44 % of people aged 15 and over (2019)

Notes & sources

Background. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Location. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geographic coordinates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Map references. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Area. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 960 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 964 square kilometers. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Surface area. Surface area: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 960 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 964 square kilometers. ↩
Area - comparative. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land boundaries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Coastline. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maritime claims. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Terrain. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Elevation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural resources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Irrigated land. Reference edition; observation: 2012. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural hazards. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geography - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 240,254 people (2025). Reference: 223,561 people (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population. Population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 240,254 people (2025). Reference: 223,561 people (2024). ↩
Nationality. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Ethnic groups. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Languages. Reference edition; observation: 2012 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Religions. Reference edition; observation: 2012 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Age structure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Dependency ratios. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Median age. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population growth rate. Population growth rate: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Birth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Crude birth rate. Crude birth rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Death rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Crude death rate. Crude death rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Net migration rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urban population. Urban population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Major urban areas - population. Reference edition; observation: 2018. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Sex ratio. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Mother's mean age at first birth. Reference edition; observation: 2008/09. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maternal mortality ratio. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maternal mortality ratio. Maternal mortality ratio: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Infant mortality rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Infant mortality rate. Infant mortality rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Life expectancy at birth. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy at birth: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Total fertility rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total fertility rate. Total fertility rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Gross reproduction rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Drinking water source. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
At least basic drinking water services. At least basic drinking water services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. This separately sourced basic-service observation is shown alongside the reference edition’s improved/unimproved categories. It does not replace those category totals. ↩
Health expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Current health expenditure. Current health expenditure: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Physician density. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Physicians. Physicians: observation 2022; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Hospital bed density. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Sanitation facility access. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
At least basic sanitation services. At least basic sanitation services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. This separately sourced basic-service observation is shown alongside the reference edition’s improved/unimproved categories. It does not replace those category totals. ↩
Obesity - adult prevalence rate. Reference edition; observation: 2016. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Alcohol consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Tobacco use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Children under the age of 5 years underweight. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Currently married women (ages 15-49). Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Child marriage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Education expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Government education expenditure. Government education expenditure: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Literacy. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Environmental issues. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International environmental agreements. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Carbon dioxide emissions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Particulate matter emissions. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Waste and recycling. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total water withdrawal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total renewable water resources. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Country name. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Government type. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Capital. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Administrative divisions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legal system. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Constitution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International law organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Citizenship. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Suffrage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Executive branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legislative branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Judicial branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Political parties. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Diplomatic representation in the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Diplomatic representation from the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Independence. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National holiday. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Flag. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National symbol(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National color(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National anthem(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Economic overview. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP (purchasing power parity). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP growth rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP (official exchange rate). Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 981,293,586.91 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 764,274,000 current US dollars (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP. GDP: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 981,293,586.91 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 764,274,000 current US dollars (2024). ↩
Inflation rate (consumer prices). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP - composition, by sector of origin. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP - composition, by end use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Agricultural products. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Industries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Industrial production growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Labor force. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Unemployment rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population below poverty line. Reference edition; observation: 2017. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Household income or consumption by percentage share. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Remittances. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Budget. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Public debt. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Current account balance. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Debt - external. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exchange rates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity access. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity generation sources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Petroleum. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Energy consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Telephones - fixed lines. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Telephones - mobile cellular. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Broadcast media. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Internet country code. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Internet users. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Broadband - fixed subscriptions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Airports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Merchant marine. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Ports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military and security forces. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military and security service personnel strengths. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military service age and obligation. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military - note. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:34 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP growth. Real GDP growth: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator denotes the percentage change over each previous year of the constant price (base year 2015) series in United States dollars. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?format=json ↩
Consumer price inflation. Consumer price inflation: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?format=json ↩
Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate). Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate): observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. The ILO modeled estimate is not necessarily directly comparable with national unemployment measures. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json ↩
Access to electricity. Access to electricity: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?format=json ↩
Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption. Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption: observation 2022; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?format=json ↩
Individuals using the internet. Individuals using the internet: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?format=json ↩
Adult literacy rate. Adult literacy rate: observation 2019; checked 2026-10-29; primary source checked. World Bank World Development Indicators. Primary source checked 2026-10-29T20:26:41.707Z. provider release 2026-10-08. source organization Data API, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources, note: The data are obtained through the UIS API. Detailed documentation is available at: https://api.uis.unesco.org/api/public/documentation/, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), type: Excel (bulk file), date accessed: 2026-03-19, date published: 2026-02. definition Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above). Original provider-reported country/economy series; unchanged historical boundaries are not asserted. Checked original WDI publication and metadata, not independent corroboration. ↩

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Introduction

Background:1

Geography

Location:2

Geographic coordinates:3

Map references:4

Area:5

Area - comparative:7

Land boundaries:8

Coastline:9

Maritime claims:10

Climate:11

Terrain:12

Elevation:13

Natural resources:14

Land use:15

Irrigated land:16

Population distribution:17

Natural hazards:18

Geography - note:19

People and Society

Population:20

Nationality:22

Ethnic groups:23

Languages:24

Religions:25

Age structure:26

Dependency ratios:27

Median age:28

Population growth rate:29

Birth rate:31

Death rate:33

Net migration rate:35

Population distribution:36

Urbanization:37

Major urban areas - population:39

Sex ratio:40

Mother's mean age at first birth:41

Maternal mortality ratio:42

Infant mortality rate:44

Life expectancy at birth:46

Total fertility rate:48

Gross reproduction rate:50

Drinking water source:51

Health expenditure:53

Physician density:55

Hospital bed density:57

Sanitation facility access:58

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:60

Alcohol consumption per capita:61

Tobacco use:62

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:63

Currently married women (ages 15-49):64

Child marriage:65

Education expenditure:66

Literacy:68

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):69