Europe & Central Asia / POL

Poland

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Last updated: October 29, 2026

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CIA World Factbook map, February 2021 media edition. Identity reviewed; current boundaries have not been audited. visual contact sheet or original identity check; does not verify current boundaries Boundaries, place names and designations may be dated or disputed; original annotations retained. SHA-256: 5012d54d2162d1061c5884e9be290e44a3906cd541a0da346ea0b29ea66498ad. Provenance and inspection record.

Introduction

Background:¹

Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in Central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorder weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union Solidarity that over time became a political force with over 10 million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004.

Geography

Location:²

Central Europe, east of Germany

Geographic coordinates:³

52 00 N, 20 00 E

Map references:⁴

Europe

Area:⁵

Surface area: 313,940 square kilometers (2024)

total:312,685 sq km

land:304,255 sq km

water:8,430 sq km

Area - comparative:⁷

about twice the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than New Mexico

Land boundaries:⁸

total:2,865 km

border countries (6):Belarus 375 km; Czechia 699 km; Germany 467 km; Lithuania 100 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Slovakia 517 km; Ukraine 498 km

Coastline:⁹

440 km

Maritime claims:¹⁰

territorial sea:12 nm

exclusive economic zone:defined by international treaties

Climate:¹¹

temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Terrain:¹²

mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border

Elevation:¹³

highest point:Rysy 2,499 m

lowest point:near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m

mean elevation:173 m

Natural resources:¹⁴

coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land

Land use:¹⁵

agricultural land:47.6% (2023 est.)

arable land:36.6% (2023 est.)

permanent crops:1.1% (2023 est.)

permanent pasture:9.8% (2023 est.)

forest:31% (2023 est.)

other:21% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land:¹⁶

1,327 sq km (2016)

Major lakes (area sq km):¹⁷

salt water lake(s):Zalew Szczecinski/Stettiner Haff (shared with Germany) - 900 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km):¹⁸

Wisla (Vistula) river source and mouth (shared with Belarus and Ukraine) - 1,213 km

note:longest river in Poland

Major watersheds (area sq km):¹⁹

Atlantic Ocean drainage:(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Population distribution:²⁰

population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk

Natural hazards:²¹

flooding

Geography - note:²²

historically an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain

People and Society

Population:²³

Population: 36,435,861 people (2025)

total:38,746,310 (2024 est.)

male:18,441,415

female:20,304,895

Nationality:²⁵

noun:Pole(s)

adjective:Polish

Ethnic groups:²⁶

Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)

note:represents ethnicity declared first

Languages:²⁷

Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s)

major-language sample(s):Księga Faktów Świata, niezbędne źródło podstawowych informacji. (Polish)

major-language sample(s):The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note 1:shares of languages sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; data represent language spoken at home

note 2:Poland also recognizes Kashub as a regional language; Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages; and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages

Religions:²⁸

Roman Catholic 70.7%, refused to answer 20.9%, no religion 6.9%; less than 1 percent: Orthodox, Jehovah Witness, Evangelic of Augsburg, Greek Catholic, Pentecostal, other Protestant, not stated, old Catholic Mariavite Church, other Christians, Islam, Buddhist, Polish Catholic Church, other, Baptist Union of Poland, Pagan, Seventh Day Adventist, Hindu, other Catholic (2021 est.)

Age structure:²⁹

0-14 years:14.2% (male 2,830,048/female 2,676,300)

15-64 years:65.9% (male 12,513,402/female 13,036,977)

65 years and over:19.8% (2024 est.) (male 3,097,965/female 4,591,618)

Dependency ratios:³⁰

total dependency ratio:51.6 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio:21.6 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio:30.1 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio:3.3 (2024 est.)

Median age:³¹

total:42.9 years (2024 est.)

male:41.5 years

female:44.3 years

Population growth rate:³²

Population growth rate: -0.34 % annually (2025)

-1% (2024 est.)

Birth rate:³⁴

Crude birth rate: 6.9 births per 1,000 people (2024)

8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate:³⁶

Crude death rate: 11.2 deaths per 1,000 people (2024)

12.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate:³⁸

-6.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution:³⁹

population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk

Urbanization:⁴⁰

Urban population: 60.09 % of population (2025)

urban population:60.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population:⁴²

1.798 million WARSAW (capital), 769,000 Krakow (2023)

Sex ratio:⁴³

at birth:1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years:1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years:0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over:0.67 male(s)/female

total population:0.91 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth:⁴⁴

27.9 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio:⁴⁵

Maternal mortality ratio: 2 deaths per 100,000 live births (2023)

2 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate:⁴⁷

Infant mortality rate: 3.6 deaths per 1,000 live births (2024)

total:4.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male:5.3 deaths/1,000 live births

female:4.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:⁴⁹

Life expectancy at birth: 78.41 years (2024)

total population:76.7 years (2024 est.)

male:72.8 years

female:80.9 years

Total fertility rate:⁵¹

Total fertility rate: 1.14 births per woman (2024)

1.32 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Gross reproduction rate:⁵³

0.64 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source:⁵⁴

At least basic drinking water services: 90.12 % of population (2024)

improved

urban:95.8% of population (2022 est.)

rural:82.2% of population (2022 est.)

total:90.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved

urban:4.2% of population (2022 est.)

rural:17.8% of population (2022 est.)

total:9.6% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure:⁵⁶

Current health expenditure: 8.06 % of GDP (2024)

Health expenditure (as % of GDP):6.7% of GDP (2022)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget):10.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density:⁵⁸

Physicians: 4.03 per 1,000 people (2023)

4.03 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density:⁶⁰

6.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access:⁶¹

At least basic sanitation services: 98.96 % of population (2024)

improved

urban:100% of population (2022 est.)

rural:100% of population (2022 est.)

total:100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved

urban:0% of population (2022 est.)

rural:0% of population (2022 est.)

total:0% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:⁶³

23.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita:⁶⁴

total:10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer:5.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine:0.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits:4.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols:0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use:⁶⁵

total:21.6% (2025 est.)

male:25.6% (2025 est.)

female:17.8% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:⁶⁶

0.7% (2019 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49):⁶⁷

56.6% (2023 est.)

Education expenditure:⁶⁸

Government education expenditure: 4.31 % of GDP (2022)

Education expenditure (% GDP):4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget):10% national budget (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):⁷⁰

total:17 years (2023 est.)

male:16 years (2023 est.)

female:18 years (2023 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues:⁷¹

air pollution (despite environmental policy improvements) because of coal-burning in homes and power plants; acid rain leading to forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources; disposal of hazardous wastes

International environmental agreements:⁷²

party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Climate:⁷³

temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Land use:⁷⁴

agricultural land:47.6% (2023 est.)

arable land:36.6% (2023 est.)

permanent crops:1.1% (2023 est.)

permanent pasture:9.8% (2023 est.)

forest:31% (2023 est.)

other:21% (2023 est.)

Urbanization:⁷⁵

urban population:60.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions:⁷⁶

total emissions:264.031 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke:132.101 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids:95.095 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas:36.835 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions:⁷⁷

18.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Methane emissions:⁷⁸

energy:954.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)

agriculture:595.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste:292 kt (2019-2021 est.)

other:36.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and recycling:⁷⁹

municipal solid waste generated annually:12.758 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled:38.3% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal:⁸⁰

municipal:2.113 billion cubic meters (2022)

industrial:6.44 billion cubic meters (2022)

agricultural:1.28 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources:⁸¹

60.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Geoparks:⁸²

total global geoparks and regional networks:3 (2024)

global geoparks and regional networks:Land of Extinct Volcanoes; Muskauer Faltenbogen / Łuk Mużakowa (includes Germany); Holy Cross Mountains (2024)

Government

Country name:⁸³

conventional long form:Republic of Poland

conventional short form:Poland

local long form:Rzeczpospolita Polska

local short form:Polska

former:Polish People's Republic

etymology:the name probably comes from the Slavic word pole ( field or plain), indicating the flat nature of the country

Government type:⁸⁴

parliamentary republic

Capital:⁸⁵

name:Warsaw

geographic coordinates:52 15 N, 21 00 E

time difference:UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology:the origin of the name is unknown; Warszawa was the name of a fishing village, and several legends link the city's founding to a man named Wars or Warsz

Administrative divisions:⁸⁶

16 provinces or voivodships ( wojewodztwa , singular - wojewodztwo ); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie (Lodz), Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie (Opole), Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie (Holy Cross), Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)

Legal system:⁸⁷

civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final

Constitution:⁸⁸

history:several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997

amendment process:proposed by at least one fifth of Sejm deputies, by the Senate, or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Sejm and absolute majority vote in the Senate; amendments to articles relating to sovereignty, personal freedoms, and constitutional amendment procedures also require passage by majority vote in a referendum

International law organization participation:⁸⁹

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship:⁹⁰

citizenship by birth:no

citizenship by descent only:both parents must be citizens of Poland

dual citizenship recognized:no

residency requirement for naturalization:5 years

Suffrage:⁹¹

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:⁹²

chief of state:President Karol NAWROCKI (since 6 August 2025)

head of government:Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 11 December 2023)

cabinet:Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president, and approved by the Sejm

election/appointment process:president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister, deputy prime ministers, and Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm; all presidential candidates resign their party affiliation

most recent election date:18 May 2025, with the second round on 1 June 2025

election results

election results:2025: Karol NAWROCKI elected president in second round; percent of vote - Karol NAWROCKI (PiS) 50.9%, Rafal TRZASKOWSKI (KO) 49.1%; NAWROCKI takes office 6 August 2025

election results:2025: First round Rafal TRZASKOWSKI (KO) 31.4%, Karol NAWROCKI 29.5% (PiS), Slawomir MENTZEN 14.8%, Grzegorz BRAUN 6.3%, and Szymon HOLOWNIA 5.0%; second round to be held on 1 June 2025;

election results:Andrzej DUDA reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Andrzej DUDA (independent) 51%, Rafal TRZASKOWSKI (KO) 49%

election results:2015: Andrzej DUDA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Andrzej DUDA (independent) 51.5%, Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (independent) 48.5%

expected date of next election:July 2030

Legislative branch:⁹³

legislative structure:bicameral

note:the designation "National Assembly" (or Zgromadzenie Narodowe) is only used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly

Legislative branch - lower chamber:⁹⁴

chamber name:Sejm

number of seats:460 (all directly elected)

electoral system:proportional representation

scope of elections:full renewal

term in office:4 years

most recent election date:10/15/2023

parties elected and seats per party:Law and Justice (PiS) (194); Civic Coalition (KO) (157); The Third Way (65); The New Left (Nowa Lewica) (26); Other (18)

percentage of women in chamber:31.3%

expected date of next election:October 2027

Legislative branch - upper chamber:⁹⁵

chamber name:Senate (Senat)

number of seats:100 (all directly elected)

electoral system:plurality/majority

scope of elections:full renewal

term in office:4 years

most recent election date:10/15/2023

parties elected and seats per party:Civic Coalition (KO) (41); Law and Justice (PiS) (34); The Third Way (11); The New Left (Nowa Lewica) (9); Independents (5)

percentage of women in chamber:19%

expected date of next election:October 2027

Judicial branch:⁹⁶

highest court(s):Supreme Court or Sad Najwyzszy (consists of the first president of the Supreme Court and 120 justices organized in criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and extraordinary appeals and public affairs and disciplinary chambers); Constitutional Tribunal (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)

judge selection and term of office:president of the Supreme Court nominated by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court and selected by the president of Poland; other judges nominated by the 25-member National Judicial Council and appointed by the president of Poland; judges serve until retirement, usually at age 65, but tenure can be extended; Constitutional Tribunal judges chosen by the Sejm for single 9-year terms

subordinate courts:administrative courts; military courts; local, regional and appellate courts subdivided into military, civil, criminal, labor, and family courts

Political parties:⁹⁷

Civic Coalition

Confederation

Free Republicans

Polish Coalition or PSL

The Left

United Right or PiS

Diplomatic representation in the US:⁹⁸

chief of mission:Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Bogdan Adam KLICH (since 21 November 2024)

chancery:2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:[1] (202) 499-1700

FAX:[1] (202) 328-2152

email address and website

email address and website:washington.amb.sekretariat@msz.gov.pl

email address and website:https://www.gov.pl/web/usa-en/embassy-washington

consulate(s) general:Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:⁹⁹

chief of mission:Ambassador Thomas ROSE (since 6 November 2025)

embassy:Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, 00-540 Warsaw

mailing address:5010 Warsaw Place, Washington, DC 20521-5010

telephone:[48] (22) 504-2000

FAX:[48] (22) 504-2088

email address and website

email address and website:acswarsaw@state.gov

email address and website:https://pl.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general:Krakow

International organization participation:¹⁰⁰

Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Independence:¹⁰¹

11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 14 April 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)

National holiday:¹⁰²

Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)

Flag:¹⁰³

description:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red

meaning:colors derive from the Polish emblem, a white eagle on a red field

note:similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco, which are red (top) and white

National symbol(s):¹⁰⁴

white crowned eagle

National color(s):¹⁰⁵

white, red

National anthem(s):¹⁰⁶

title:"Mazurek Dabrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka)

lyrics/music:Jozef WYBICKI/traditional

history:adopted 1927;

National heritage:¹⁰⁷

total World Heritage Sites:17 (15 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:Historic Krakow (c); Historic Warsaw (c); Medieval Torun (c); Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region (c); Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (c); Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines (c); Auschwitz Birkenau Concentration Camp (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Białowieza Forest (n); Old City of Zamość (c)

Economy

Economic overview:¹⁰⁸

high-income, diversified, EU-member economy; significant growth in GDP, trade, and investment since joining EU in 2004; private consumption and EU-funded public investments driving GDP growth; increased social spending, flooding recovery costs, and defense spending have added to public debt

Real GDP (purchasing power parity):¹⁰⁹

$1.649 trillion (2024 est.)

$1.602 trillion (2023 est.)

$1.598 trillion (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate:¹¹⁰

2.9% (2024 est.)

0.2% (2023 est.)

5.3% (2022 est.)

note:annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita:¹¹¹

$45,100 (2024 est.)

$43,700 (2023 est.)

$43,400 (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):¹¹²

GDP: 1,035,491,784,197.44 current US dollars (2025)

$914.696 billion (2024 est.)

note:data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices):¹¹⁴

3.8% (2024 est.)

11.5% (2023 est.)

14.4% (2022 est.)

note:annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:¹¹⁵

agriculture:2.6% (2024 est.)

industry:26.4% (2024 est.)

services:59.9% (2024 est.)

note:figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use:¹¹⁶

household consumption:57.6% (2024 est.)

government consumption:20.8% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital:16.9% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories:0.8% (2024 est.)

exports of goods and services:52.3% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services:-48.3% (2024 est.)

note:figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products:¹¹⁷

sugar beets, milk, wheat, maize, potatoes, triticale, apples, rapeseed, barley, rye (2023)

note:top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries:¹¹⁸

machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:¹¹⁹

-0.6% (2023 est.)

note:annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force:¹²⁰

18.245 million (2024 est.)

note:number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate:¹²¹

2.5% (2024 est.)

2.8% (2023 est.)

2.9% (2022 est.)

note:% of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):¹²²

total:9.9% (2024 est.)

male:10.1% (2024 est.)

female:9.6% (2024 est.)

note:% of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line:¹²³

12.2% (2023 est.)

note:% of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:¹²⁴

28.9 (2022 est.)

note:index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures:¹²⁵

on food:18.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco:6.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:¹²⁶

lowest 10%:3.3% (2022 est.)

highest 10%:23.1% (2022 est.)

note:% share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances:¹²⁷

0.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

note:personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget:¹²⁸

revenues:$291.603 billion (2023 est.)

expenditures:$328.497 billion (2023 est.)

note:central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt:¹²⁹

50.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

note:data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Taxes and other revenues:¹³⁰

18% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note:central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance:¹³¹

$1.789 billion (2024 est.)

$14.535 billion (2023 est.)

-$15.822 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports:¹³²

$478.579 billion (2024 est.)

$471.571 billion (2023 est.)

$436.388 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners:¹³³

Germany 25%, UK 6%, Czechia 6%, France 6%, Italy 5% (2023)

note:top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities:¹³⁴

vehicle parts/accessories, electric batteries, plastic products, cars, seats (2023)

note:top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports:¹³⁵

$441.945 billion (2024 est.)

$423.797 billion (2023 est.)

$421.765 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners:¹³⁶

Germany 22%, China 12%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 4%, USA 4% (2023)

note:top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities:¹³⁷

crude petroleum, cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, plastic products (2023)

note:top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:¹³⁸

$223.115 billion (2024 est.)

$193.783 billion (2023 est.)

$166.664 billion (2022 est.)

note:holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Exchange rates:¹³⁹

Currency:zlotych (PLN) per US dollar -

3.981 (2024 est.)

4.204 (2023 est.)

4.458 (2022 est.)

3.862 (2021 est.)

3.9 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access:¹⁴⁰

electrification - total population:100% (2022 est.)

Electricity:¹⁴¹

installed generating capacity:64.806 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption:159.639 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports:11.403 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports:15.14 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses:8.549 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources:¹⁴²

fossil fuels:72.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar:6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind:14.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity:1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

biomass and waste:4.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal:¹⁴³

production:96.72 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption:99.932 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports:10.805 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports:10.041 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves:27.758 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum:¹⁴⁴

total petroleum production:24,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption:743,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves:113 million barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas:¹⁴⁵

production:5.345 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption:20.602 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports:747.124 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports:15.111 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves:91.492 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Energy consumption per capita:¹⁴⁶

Total energy consumption per capita 2023:103.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines:¹⁴⁷

total subscriptions:4.987 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:13 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:¹⁴⁸

total subscriptions:52.4 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:132 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media:¹⁴⁹

state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and some special interest channels; many privately owned local channels; roughly half of all households are linked to satellite or cable TV systems with access to foreign TV; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations, and many privately owned local radio stations (2019)

Internet country code:¹⁵⁰

.pl

Internet users:¹⁵¹

percent of population:86% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions:¹⁵²

total:10.1 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:26 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:¹⁵³

Airports:¹⁵⁴

318 (2025)

Heliports:¹⁵⁵

16 (2025)

Railways:¹⁵⁶

total:19,461 km (2020) 11,946 km electrified

Merchant marine:¹⁵⁷

total:152 (2023)

by type:general cargo 6, oil tanker 6, other 140

Ports:¹⁵⁸

total ports:10 (2024)

large:2

medium:2

small:4

very small:2

ports with oil terminals:5

key ports:Gdansk, Gdynia, Port Polnochny, Szczecin

Military and Security

Military and security forces:¹⁵⁹

Polish Armed Forces (Polskie Siły Zbrojne): Land Forces (Wojska Ladowe), Navy (Marynarka Wojenna), Air Force (Sily Powietrzne), Special Forces (Wojska Specjalne), Territorial Defense Forces (Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej), Cyberspace Defense Forces (Wojska Obrony Cyberprzestrzeni)

Ministry of Interior and Administration: Polish National Police (Policja); Border Guard (Straż Graniczna or SG) (2025)

Military expenditures:¹⁶⁰

4.5% of GDP (2025 est.)

3.8% of GDP (2024 est.)

3.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths:¹⁶¹

approximately 235,000 active military personnel (2025)

note:a new national defense law in 2022 set a goal to double the size of Poland’s armed forces to 300,000 personnel, including 250,000 professional soldiers and 50,000 territorials

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:¹⁶²

the military's inventory consists of a mix of some Soviet-era and a growing amount of more modern, NATO-compatible weapons systems; in recent years, the leading suppliers of armaments have included several European countries, South Korea, and the US; Poland has a domestic defense sector that produces or provides upgrades to a wide variety of weapons systems, particularly ground systems such as tanks and other armored vehicles; it also cooperates with the European and US defense sectors (2024)

note:in late 2018, Poland announced a 7-year (through 2026) approximately $50 billion defense modernization plan that would include such items as 5th generation combat aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, rocket artillery, helicopters, submarines, frigates, and improved cyber security; in 2022-2023, it signed large military weapons contracts with South Korea, the UK, and the US

Military service age and obligation:¹⁶³

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription; professional soldiers serve on a permanent basis (for an unspecified period of time) or on a contract basis (for a specified period of time); initial contract period is 24 months (2025)

note 1:as of 2024, women made up about 16.5% of the military's full-time personnel

note 2:in 2022, Poland announced a new 12-month voluntary military service program with recruits going through a one-month basic training period with a military unit, followed by 11 months of specialized training; upon completion of service, the volunteers would be allowed to join the Territorial Defense Forces or the active reserve, and have priority to join the professional army and be given preference for employment in the public sector; the program is part of an effort to increase the size of the Polish military

Military deployments:¹⁶⁴

250 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); up to 300 Latvia (NATO); 190 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

note:Poland has obligated about 2,500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units; units affiliated with the multinational brigade remain within the structures of the armed forces of their respective countries until the brigade is activated for participation in an international operation

Military - note:¹⁶⁵

the Polish Armed Forces are responsible for defense of the country's sovereignty and territory, deterring potential threats, and fulfilling Poland's commitments to NATO, EU, and European security; Poland’s geographic location on NATO’s eastern flank and its history of foreign invasion underpin the Polish military’s focus on territorial and border defense; in peacetime, the Armed Forces provide support to the Border Guard; other security concerns include hybrid threats from Russia and Belarus, such as cyberattacks, sabotage, and weaponized migration; since the 2010s, Poland has taken steps to enhance the security of its borders with Russia and Belarus

since 2014, Poland has hosted several NATO military formations designed to enhance the defense of Poland and NATO’s eastern flank, including a US-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative, NATO fighter detachments at Malbork Air Base, a NATO-led divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Northeast), which coordinates training and preparation activities of its respective subordinate battlegroups in Poland and Lithuania, and a corps-level NATO field headquarters (Multinational Corps Northeast); Poland also has increased the the US military presence in the country; Poland participates in a variety of EU and NATO military deployments in Africa, the Baltic States, Southern Europe, and the Middle East; Poland also provided support to the NATO mission in Afghanistan (2025)

Space

Space agency/agencies:¹⁶⁶

Polish Space Agency (POLSA; established 2014; operational in 2015) (2025)

Space program overview:¹⁶⁷

builds satellites, including nano/cube remote sensing (RS) and scientific/technology satellites; researches and develops communications, RS, navigational, and other scientific applications for satellite payloads; creating infrastructure for data from meteorological and environmental satellites; researches and develops other space-related technologies, including sensors and robotic probes for interplanetary landers, and launcher systems; space program is integrated with the ESA and the EU; participates in a variety of ESA/EU and international programs; cooperates with a variety of other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, Canada, China, ESA/EU member states (particularly France, Germany, Italy), India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, UK, and the US; has a commercial space sector with more than 300 active enterprises (2025)

Key space-program milestones:¹⁶⁸

1978 - first Polish astronaut in space on Soviet spacecraft

1991 - began cooperating with the ESA

1994 - began participating in Russia's Koronas solar research missions

2012 - joined ESA; first domestically built scientific nanosatellite (PW-Sat) launched on European rocket

2021 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for lunar and space exploration

2024 - successfully launched domestically developed experimental suborbital rocket (ILR-33 Amber 2K) to altitude of 101 kms

2025 - first Polish astronaut and scientific mission on International Space Station

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s):¹⁶⁹

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note:details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons:¹⁷⁰

refugees:1,019,863 (2024 est.)

stateless persons:1,486 (2024 est.)

Illicit drugs:¹⁷¹

USG identification

USG identification:major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

Additional observations

Real GDP growth¹⁷²: 3.57 % annual change (2025)
Consumer price inflation¹⁷³: 3.81 % annual change (2025)
Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate)¹⁷⁴: 2.98 % of labor force (2025)
Access to electricity¹⁷⁵: 100 % of population (2024)
Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption¹⁷⁶: 15.2 % (2021)
Individuals using the internet¹⁷⁷: 88.58 % of population (2024)
Adult literacy rate¹⁷⁸: 98.74 % of people aged 15 and over (1978)

Notes & sources

Background. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Location. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geographic coordinates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Map references. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Area. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 313,940 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 312,685 square kilometers. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Surface area. Surface area: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 313,940 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 312,685 square kilometers. ↩
Area - comparative. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land boundaries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Coastline. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maritime claims. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Terrain. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Elevation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural resources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Irrigated land. Reference edition; observation: 2016. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Major lakes (area sq km). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Major rivers (by length in km). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Major watersheds (area sq km). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural hazards. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geography - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 36,435,861 people (2025). Reference: 38,746,310 people (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population. Population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 36,435,861 people (2025). Reference: 38,746,310 people (2024). ↩
Nationality. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Ethnic groups. Reference edition; observation: 2011 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Languages. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Religions. Reference edition; observation: 2021 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Age structure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Dependency ratios. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Median age. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population growth rate. Population growth rate: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Birth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Crude birth rate. Crude birth rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Death rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Crude death rate. Crude death rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Net migration rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urban population. Urban population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Major urban areas - population. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Sex ratio. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Mother's mean age at first birth. Reference edition; observation: 2020. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maternal mortality ratio. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Maternal mortality ratio. Maternal mortality ratio: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Infant mortality rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Infant mortality rate. Infant mortality rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Life expectancy at birth. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy at birth: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Total fertility rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total fertility rate. Total fertility rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Gross reproduction rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Drinking water source. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
At least basic drinking water services. At least basic drinking water services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. This separately sourced basic-service observation is shown alongside the reference edition’s improved/unimproved categories. It does not replace those category totals. ↩
Health expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Current health expenditure. Current health expenditure: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Physician density. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Physicians. Physicians: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
Hospital bed density. Reference edition; observation: 2020. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Sanitation facility access. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
At least basic sanitation services. At least basic sanitation services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. This separately sourced basic-service observation is shown alongside the reference edition’s improved/unimproved categories. It does not replace those category totals. ↩
Obesity - adult prevalence rate. Reference edition; observation: 2016. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Alcohol consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Tobacco use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Children under the age of 5 years underweight. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Currently married women (ages 15-49). Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Education expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Government education expenditure. Government education expenditure: observation 2022; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Environmental issues. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International environmental agreements. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Carbon dioxide emissions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Particulate matter emissions. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Methane emissions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Waste and recycling. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total water withdrawal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Total renewable water resources. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Geoparks. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Country name. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Government type. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Capital. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Administrative divisions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legal system. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Constitution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International law organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Citizenship. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Suffrage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Executive branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legislative branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legislative branch - lower chamber. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Legislative branch - upper chamber. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Judicial branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Political parties. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Diplomatic representation in the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Diplomatic representation from the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
International organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Independence. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National holiday. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Flag. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National symbol(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National color(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National anthem(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
National heritage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Economic overview. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP (purchasing power parity). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP growth rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP (official exchange rate). Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 1,035,491,784,197.44 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 914,696,000,000 current US dollars (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP. GDP: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 1,035,491,784,197.44 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 914,696,000,000 current US dollars (2024). ↩
Inflation rate (consumer prices). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP - composition, by sector of origin. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
GDP - composition, by end use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Agricultural products. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Industries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Industrial production growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Labor force. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Unemployment rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Population below poverty line. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Average household expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Household income or consumption by percentage share. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Remittances. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Budget. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Public debt. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Taxes and other revenues. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Current account balance. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Imports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Exchange rates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity access. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Electricity generation sources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Coal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Petroleum. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Natural gas. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Energy consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Telephones - fixed lines. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Telephones - mobile cellular. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Broadcast media. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Internet country code. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Internet users. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Broadband - fixed subscriptions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Airports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Heliports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Railways. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Merchant marine. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Ports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military and security forces. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military and security service personnel strengths. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military service age and obligation. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military deployments. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Military - note. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Space agency/agencies. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Space program overview. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Key space-program milestones. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Terrorist group(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Refugees and internally displaced persons. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Illicit drugs. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 11:51:55 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
Real GDP growth. Real GDP growth: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator denotes the percentage change over each previous year of the constant price (base year 2015) series in United States dollars. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?format=json ↩
Consumer price inflation. Consumer price inflation: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?format=json ↩
Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate). Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate): observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. The ILO modeled estimate is not necessarily directly comparable with national unemployment measures. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json ↩
Access to electricity. Access to electricity: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?format=json ↩
Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption. Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption: observation 2021; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?format=json ↩
Individuals using the internet. Individuals using the internet: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?format=json ↩
Adult literacy rate. Adult literacy rate: observation 1978; checked 2026-10-29; primary source checked. World Bank World Development Indicators. Primary source checked 2026-10-29T20:24:00.949Z. provider release 2026-10-08. source organization Data API, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources, note: The data are obtained through the UIS API. Detailed documentation is available at: https://api.uis.unesco.org/api/public/documentation/, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), type: Excel (bulk file), date accessed: 2026-03-19, date published: 2026-02. definition Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above). Original provider-reported country/economy series; unchanged historical boundaries are not asserted. Checked original WDI publication and metadata, not independent corroboration. ↩

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Introduction

Background:1

Geography

Location:2

Geographic coordinates:3

Map references:4

Area:5

Area - comparative:7

Land boundaries:8

Coastline:9

Maritime claims:10

Climate:11

Terrain:12

Elevation:13

Natural resources:14

Land use:15

Irrigated land:16

Major lakes (area sq km):17

Major rivers (by length in km):18

Major watersheds (area sq km):19

Population distribution:20

Natural hazards:21

Geography - note:22

People and Society

Population:23

Nationality:25

Ethnic groups:26

Languages:27

Religions:28

Age structure:29

Dependency ratios:30

Median age:31

Population growth rate:32

Birth rate:34

Death rate:36

Net migration rate:38

Population distribution:39

Urbanization:40

Major urban areas - population:42

Sex ratio:43

Mother's mean age at first birth:44

Maternal mortality ratio:45

Infant mortality rate:47

Life expectancy at birth:49

Total fertility rate:51

Gross reproduction rate:53

Drinking water source:54

Health expenditure:56

Physician density:58

Hospital bed density:60

Sanitation facility access:61

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:63

Alcohol consumption per capita:64

Tobacco use:65

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:66

Currently married women (ages 15-49):67

Education expenditure:68

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):70