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Latvia

Latvia flag
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2021 Factbook flag mirror; image identity has not been individually audited. Source.

Last updated: October 29, 2026

World Bank directory: capital Riga · 56.9465°, 24.1048° · sourceRetrieved 2026-10-29 · single source, unverified; directory metadata may be stale.
Latvia: CIA World Factbook map from 2021; original boundary notes preserved.
ⓘCIA World Factbook map, February 2021 media edition. Identity reviewed; current boundaries have not been audited. visual contact sheet or original identity check; does not verify current boundaries Boundaries, place names and designations may be dated or disputed; original annotations retained. SHA-256: 063b7f147ed2715e6d5e0b113984aeb8bd702af967bdf2101e9d5ddfdc1b5e89. Provenance and inspection record.

Introduction

Background:1

Several eastern Baltic tribes merged in medieval times to form the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but the USSR annexed it in 1940 -- an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 25% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004; it joined the euro zone in 2014 and the OECD in 2016.

Geography

Location:2

Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and Lithuania

Geographic coordinates:3

57 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:4

Europe

Area:5

Surface area: 64,590 square kilometers (2024)

total:64,589 sq km
land:62,249 sq km
water:2,340 sq km

Area - comparative:7

slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:8

total:1,370 km
border countries (4):Belarus 161 km; Estonia 333 km; Lithuania 544 km; Russia 332 km

Coastline:9

498 km

Maritime claims:10

territorial sea:12 nm
exclusive economic zone:limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia
continental shelf:200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:11

maritime; wet, moderate winters

Terrain:12

low plain

Elevation:13

highest point:Gaizina Kalns 312 m
lowest point:Baltic Sea 0 m
mean elevation:87 m

Natural resources:14

peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, timber, arable land

Land use:15

agricultural land:31.7% (2023 est.)
arable land:21.9% (2023 est.)
permanent crops:0.2% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture:9.7% (2023 est.)
forest:55.5% (2023 est.)
other:12.8% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land:16

6 sq km (2016)

note:land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage

Population distribution:17

largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country

Natural hazards:18

large percentage of agricultural fields can become waterlogged and require drainage

Geography - note:19

most of the country is composed of fertile low-lying plains with some hills in the east

People and Society

Population:20

Population: 1,847,785 people (2025)

total:1,801,246 (2024 est.)
male:836,982
female:964,264

Nationality:22

noun:Latvian(s)
adjective:Latvian

Ethnic groups:23

Latvian 62.7%, Russian 24.5%, Belarusian 3.1%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2%, Lithuanian 1.1%, other 1.8%, unspecified 2.6% (2021 est.)

Languages:24

Latvian (official) 56.3%, Russian 33.8%, other 0.6% (includes Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian), unspecified 9.4% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s)
major-language sample(s):World Factbook, neaizstājams avots pamata informāciju. (Latvian)
major-language sample(s):The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note:data represent language usually spoken at home

Religions:25

Lutheran 36.2%, Roman Catholic 19.5%, Orthodox 19.1%, other Christian 1.6%, other 0.1%, unspecified/none 23.5% (2017 est.)

Age structure:26

0-14 years:14.7% (male 136,482/female 128,492)
15-64 years:63% (male 562,754/female 572,850)
65 years and over:22.2% (2024 est.) (male 137,746/female 262,922)

Dependency ratios:27

total dependency ratio:55.6 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio:23.5 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio:32.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio:3.1 (2024 est.)

Median age:28

total:45.5 years (2024 est.)
male:41.6 years
female:49.2 years

Population growth rate:29

Population growth rate: -0.99 % annually (2025)

-1.14% (2024 est.)

Birth rate:31

Crude birth rate: 6.9 births per 1,000 people (2024)

8.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate:33

Crude death rate: 14.3 deaths per 1,000 people (2024)

14.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate:35

-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution:36

largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country

Urbanization:37

Urban population: 68.63 % of population (2025)

urban population:68.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization:-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population:39

621,000 RIGA (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio:40

at birth:1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years:1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.52 male(s)/female
total population:0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth:41

27.3 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio:42

Maternal mortality ratio: 19 deaths per 100,000 live births (2023)

19 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate:44

Infant mortality rate: 2.2 deaths per 1,000 live births (2024)

total:4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male:5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female:4.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:46

Life expectancy at birth: 76.43 years (2024)

total population:76.4 years (2024 est.)
male:72 years
female:81 years

Total fertility rate:48

Total fertility rate: 1.24 births per woman (2024)

1.55 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Gross reproduction rate:50

0.76 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source:51

At least basic drinking water services: 98.77 % of population (2024)

improved
urban:98.9% of population (2022 est.)
rural:98.9% of population (2022 est.)
total:98.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved
urban:1.1% of population (2022 est.)
rural:1.1% of population (2022 est.)
total:1.1% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure:53

Current health expenditure: 7.28 % of GDP (2023)

Health expenditure (as % of GDP):9% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget):12.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density:55

Physicians: 3.4 per 1,000 people (2022)

3.4 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density:57

5.3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:58

23.6% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita:59

total:12.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer:4.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine:1.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits:5.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols:1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use:60

total:28.8% (2025 est.)
male:43.5% (2025 est.)
female:16.4% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:61

0.3% (2021 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49):62

49.1% (2023 est.)

Education expenditure:63

Government education expenditure: 4.32 % of GDP (2022)

Education expenditure (% GDP):4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget):9.9% national budget (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):65

total:16 years (2023 est.)
male:15 years (2023 est.)
female:17 years (2023 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues:66

some soil, water, and air pollution

International environmental agreements:67

party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements

Climate:68

maritime; wet, moderate winters

Land use:69

agricultural land:31.7% (2023 est.)
arable land:21.9% (2023 est.)
permanent crops:0.2% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture:9.7% (2023 est.)
forest:55.5% (2023 est.)
other:12.8% (2023 est.)

Urbanization:70

urban population:68.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization:-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions:71

total emissions:6.427 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke:41,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids:4.861 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas:1.526 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions:72

15.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling:73

municipal solid waste generated annually:839,700 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled:31.3% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal:74

municipal:91.945 million cubic meters (2022)
industrial:30.291 million cubic meters (2022)
agricultural:50.098 million cubic meters (2022)

Total renewable water resources:75

34.94 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Government

Country name:76

conventional long form:Republic of Latvia
conventional short form:Latvia
local long form:Latvijas Republika
local short form:Latvija
former:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (while occupied by the USSR)
etymology:the name originates from the Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.)

Government type:77

parliamentary republic

Capital:78

name:Riga
geographic coordinates:56 57 N, 24 06 E
time difference:UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology:the name's origin is unclear; it may derive from the Old Lithuanian word ringa , meaning "bend" or "curve" and referring to the city's location on the Western Dvina River; alternatively, it may come from the Latvian word ridzina , meaning "stream"

Administrative divisions:79

36 municipalities ( novadi , singular - novads ) and 7 state cities ( valstpilsetu pasvaldibas , singular - valstspilsetas pasvaldiba )

municipalities:Adazi, Aizkraukle, Aluksne, Augsdaugava, Balvi, Bauska, Cesis, Dienvidkurzeme, Dobele, Gulbene, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Kekava, Kraslava, Kuldiga, Limbazi, Livani, Ludza, Madona, Marupe, Ogre, Olaine, Preili, Rezekne, Ropazi, Salaspils, Saldus, Saulkrasti, Sigulda, Smiltene, Talsi, Tukums, Valka, Valmiera, Varaklani, Ventspils
cities:Daugavpils, Jelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Ventspils

Legal system:80

civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices

Constitution:81

history:several previous (pre-1991 independence); after independence was restored in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reintroduced on 4 May 1990 and fully reintroduced on 6 July 1993
amendment process:proposed by two thirds of Parliament members or by petition of one tenth of qualified voters submitted through the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of three readings; amendment of constitutional articles, including national sovereignty, language, the parliamentary electoral system, and constitutional amendment procedures, requires passage in a referendum by majority vote of at least one half of the electorate

International law organization participation:82

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship:83

citizenship by birth:no
citizenship by descent only:at least one parent must be a citizen of Latvia
dual citizenship recognized:no
residency requirement for naturalization:5 years

Suffrage:84

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:85

chief of state:President Edgars RINKEVICS (since 8 July 2023)
head of government:Prime Minister Evika SILINA (since 15 September 2023)
cabinet:Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by Parliament
election/appointment process:president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by Parliament
most recent election date:31 May 2023
election results
election results:2023: Edgars RINKEVICS elected president in the third round; Parliament vote - Edgars RINKEVICS (Unity Party) 52, Uldis Pīlēns (independent) 25; Evika SILINA confirmed as prime minister 53-39
election results:2019: Egils LEVITS elected president; Parliament vote - Egils LEVITS (independent) 61, Didzis SMITS (KPV LV) 24, Juris JANSONS (independent) 8; Krisjanis KARINS confirmed as prime minister 61-39
expected date of next election:2027

Legislative branch:86

legislature name:Parliament (Saeima)
legislative structure:unicameral
number of seats:100 (all directly elected)
electoral system:proportional representation
scope of elections:full renewal
term in office:4 years
most recent election date:10/1/2022
parties elected and seats per party:New Unity (VIENOTIBA) (26); Union of Farmers and Greens (ZZS) (16); United List - Latvian Green Party, Latvian Regional Alliance, Liepāja Party (15); National Alliance of All for Latvia!" - "For Fatherland and Freedom / LNNK" (NA) (13); For Stability! (11); Progressives (10); Latvia First (9)
percentage of women in chamber:31%
expected date of next election:October 2026

Judicial branch:87

highest court(s):Supreme Court (consists of the Senate with 36 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office:Supreme Court judges nominated by chief justice and confirmed by the Saeima; judges serve until age 70, but term can be extended 2 years; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by Saeima members, 2 by Cabinet ministers, and 2 by plenum of Supreme Court; all judges confirmed by Saeima majority vote; Constitutional Court president and vice president serve in their positions for 3 years; all judges serve 10-year terms; mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts:district (city) and regional courts

Political parties:88

For Stability or S!

For Latvia's Development or LA

Harmony or S

Honor to Serve Riga! or GKR

Latvia First or LPV

National Alliance or NA

New Unity or JV

People. Land. Statehood. or TZV

The Progressives or PRO

Union of Greens and Farmers or ZZS

United List or AS

We for Talsi and Municipality or MTuN

Diplomatic representation in the US:89

chief of mission:Ambassador Elita KUZMA (since 18 September 2024)
chancery:2306 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:[1] (202) 328-2840
FAX:[1] (202) 328-2860
email address and website
email address and website:embassy.usa@mfa.gov.lv
email address and website:https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/usa

Diplomatic representation from the US:90

chief of mission:Ambassador Christopher ROBINSON (since 21 February 2023)
embassy:1 Samnera Velsa Street (former Remtes), Riga LV-1510
mailing address:4520 Riga Place, Washington DC 20521-4520
telephone:[371] 6710-7000
FAX:[371] 6710-7050
email address and website
email address and website:askconsular-riga@state.gov
email address and website:https://lv.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation:91

Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence:92

18 November 1918 (from Soviet Russia); 4 May 1990 (declared from the Soviet Union); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)

National holiday:93

Independence Day (Republic of Latvia Proclamation Day), 18 November (1918)

note:18 November 1918 was the date Latvia established its statehood and independence from Soviet Russia; 4 May 1990 was the date it declared the restoration of statehood and independence from the Soviet Union

Flag:94

description:three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon
history:the flag is one of the older banners in the world -- a medieval chronicle mentions Latvian tribes using a red standard with a white stripe around 1280

National symbol(s):95

white wagtail (bird)

National color(s):96

maroon, white

National anthem(s):97

title:"Dievs, sveti Latviju!" (God Bless Latvia)
lyrics/music:Karlis BAUMANIS
history:adopted 1920, restored 1990; first performed in 1873 when Latvia was part of Russia; banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990

National heritage:98

total World Heritage Sites:3 (all cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales:Historic Center of Riga ; Struve Geodetic Arc; Old town of Kuldīga

Economy

Economic overview:99

high-income EU and eurozone member; weak recovery following economic contraction, with slight increase in private consumption and uncertain trade environment; challenges from skilled-labor shortages, capital market access, large informal sector, and green and digital transitions

Real GDP (purchasing power parity):100

$72.516 billion (2024 est.)

$72.838 billion (2023 est.)

$70.817 billion (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate:101

-0.4% (2024 est.)

2.9% (2023 est.)

1.8% (2022 est.)

note:annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita:102

$38,900 (2024 est.)

$38,800 (2023 est.)

$37,700 (2022 est.)

note:data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):103

GDP: 48,618,869,160.33 current US dollars (2025)

$43.521 billion (2024 est.)

note:data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices):105

1.3% (2024 est.)

8.9% (2023 est.)

17.3% (2022 est.)

note:annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:106

agriculture:4.1% (2024 est.)
industry:19.9% (2024 est.)
services:63.1% (2024 est.)
note:figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use:107

household consumption:62.7% (2023 est.)
government consumption:20.2% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital:24.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories:-0.1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services:66.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services:-70.2% (2023 est.)
note:figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products:108

wheat, milk, rapeseed, barley, oats, potatoes, rye, beans, peas, chicken (2023)

note:top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries:109

processed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics

Industrial production growth rate:110

-4% (2024 est.)

note:annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force:111

954,900 (2024 est.)

note:number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate:112

6.8% (2024 est.)

6.5% (2023 est.)

6.9% (2022 est.)

note:% of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):113

total:12.5% (2024 est.)
male:13% (2024 est.)
female:11.9% (2024 est.)
note:% of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line:114

22.5% (2022 est.)

note:% of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:115

33.7 (2022 est.)

note:index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures:116

on food:19.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco:7.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:117

lowest 10%:2.6% (2022 est.)
highest 10%:25.8% (2022 est.)
note:% share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances:118

3.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

2.9% of GDP (2023 est.)

3.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

note:personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget:119

revenues:$14.58 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures:$15.432 billion (2023 est.)
note:central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt:120

36.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

note:data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Taxes and other revenues:121

16.7% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note:central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance:122

-$923.266 million (2024 est.)

-$1.663 billion (2023 est.)

-$2.082 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports:123

$28.117 billion (2024 est.)

$28.294 billion (2023 est.)

$29.364 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners:124

Lithuania 19%, Estonia 6%, Russia 6%, Germany 6%, Sweden 5% (2023)

note:top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities:125

wood, wheat, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicine, natural gas (2023)

note:top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports:126

$29.234 billion (2024 est.)

$29.875 billion (2023 est.)

$31.206 billion (2022 est.)

note:balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners:127

Lithuania 18%, Germany 11%, Poland 10%, Estonia 8%, Finland 5% (2023)

note:top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities:128

refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, natural gas (2023)

note:top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:129

$5.141 billion (2024 est.)

$4.957 billion (2023 est.)

$4.46 billion (2022 est.)

note:holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Exchange rates:130

Currency:euros (EUR) per US dollar -

0.924 (2024 est.)

0.925 (2023 est.)

0.95 (2022 est.)

0.845 (2021 est.)

0.876 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access:131

electrification - total population:100% (2022 est.)

Electricity:132

installed generating capacity:3.428 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption:6.822 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports:3.271 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports:4.075 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses:342.238 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources:133

fossil fuels:22.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar:3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind:4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity:59.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste:10.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal:134

consumption:20,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports:12,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports:39,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum:135

total petroleum production:2,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption:33,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Natural gas:136

consumption:786.523 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports:786.523 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita:137

Total energy consumption per capita 2023:65.908 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines:138

total subscriptions:142,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:8 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:139

total subscriptions:2.26 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:117 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media:140

several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations

Internet country code:141

.lv

Internet users:142

percent of population:92% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions:143

total:489,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:26 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:144

YL

Airports:145

55 (2025)

Heliports:146

5 (2025)

Railways:147

total:2,216 km (2020) 257 km electrified

Merchant marine:148

total:83 (2023)
by type:container ship 2, general cargo 30, oil tanker 10, other 41

Ports:149

total ports:5 (2024)
large:1
medium:2
small:0
very small:2
ports with oil terminals:3
key ports:Lielupe, Liepaja, Riga, Salacgriva, Ventspils

Military and Security

Military and security forces:150

National Armed Forces (Nacionalie Brunotie Speki or NBS): Land Forces (Latvijas Sauszemes Speki), Naval Force (Latvijas Juras Speki, includes Coast Guard (Latvijas Kara Flote)), Air Force (Latvijas Gaisa Speki), National Guard (aka Land Guard or Zemessardze)

Ministry of Interior: State Police, State Border Guards, State Security Service (2025)

note:the State Border Guard may become part of the armed forces during an emergency

Military expenditures:151

3.7% of GDP (2025 est.)

3.4% of GDP (2024 est.)

3% of GDP (2023 est.)

2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths:152

approximately 9,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:153

the Latvian military's inventory consists of a mix of European and US weapons and equipment (2024)

Military service age and obligation:154

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 12 months mandatory military service for men 18-27 years of age (2024)

note 1:conscription was reintroduced in 2024
note 2:as of 2024, women comprised about 16.5% of the military's full-time personnel

Military deployments:155

140 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO) (2025)

Military - note:156

the National Armed Forces are responsible for the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory; they also have some domestic security responsibilities, including coast guard functions, search and rescue, humanitarian assistance, and providing support to other internal security services; the Military Police provides protection to the president and other government officials, foreign dignitaries, and key facilities; Latvia’s primary external security focus is Russia

in 2004, Latvia joined NATO and the EU, both of which it depends on to play a decisive role in Latvia’s security policy; the Latvian military has participated in EU and NATO missions abroad and regularly conducts training and exercises with EU and NATO partner forces; Latvia also hosts NATO partner forces; since 2017, it has hosted a Canadian-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; in addition, NATO has provided air protection for Latvia since 2004 through its Baltics Air Policing mission

Latvia is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons:157

refugees:49,483 (2024 est.)
stateless persons:173,891 (2024 est.)

Additional observations

Real GDP growth158
2.14 % annual change (2025)
Consumer price inflation159
3.75 % annual change (2025)
Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate)160
6.57 % of labor force (2025)
Access to electricity161
100 % of population (2024)
Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption162
44 % (2021)
Individuals using the internet163
92.71 % of population (2024)
At least basic sanitation services164
92.53 % of population (2024)
Adult literacy rate165
99.9 % of people aged 15 and over (2011)

Historical observations

Notes & sources

  1. Background. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  2. Location. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  3. Geographic coordinates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  4. Map references. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  5. Area. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 64,590 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 64,589 square kilometers. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  6. Surface area. Surface area: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. The archived total area has no reference year and territorial coverage may differ from World Bank surface area. World Bank: 64,590 square kilometers (2024). Reference: 64,589 square kilometers. ↩
  7. Area - comparative. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  8. Land boundaries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  9. Coastline. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  10. Maritime claims. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  11. Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  12. Terrain. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  13. Elevation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  14. Natural resources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  15. Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  16. Irrigated land. Reference edition; observation: 2016. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  17. Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  18. Natural hazards. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  19. Geography - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  20. Population. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 1,847,785 people (2025). Reference: 1,801,246 people (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  21. Population. Population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 1,847,785 people (2025). Reference: 1,801,246 people (2024). ↩
  22. Nationality. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  23. Ethnic groups. Reference edition; observation: 2021 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  24. Languages. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  25. Religions. Reference edition; observation: 2017 est.. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  26. Age structure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  27. Dependency ratios. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  28. Median age. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  29. Population growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  30. Population growth rate. Population growth rate: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  31. Birth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  32. Crude birth rate. Crude birth rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  33. Death rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  34. Crude death rate. Crude death rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  35. Net migration rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  36. Population distribution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  37. Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  38. Urban population. Urban population: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  39. Major urban areas - population. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  40. Sex ratio. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  41. Mother's mean age at first birth. Reference edition; observation: 2020. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  42. Maternal mortality ratio. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  43. Maternal mortality ratio. Maternal mortality ratio: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  44. Infant mortality rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  45. Infant mortality rate. Infant mortality rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  46. Life expectancy at birth. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  47. Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy at birth: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  48. Total fertility rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  49. Total fertility rate. Total fertility rate: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  50. Gross reproduction rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  51. Drinking water source. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  52. At least basic drinking water services. At least basic drinking water services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. This separately sourced basic-service observation is shown alongside the reference edition’s improved/unimproved categories. It does not replace those category totals. ↩
  53. Health expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  54. Current health expenditure. Current health expenditure: observation 2023; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  55. Physician density. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  56. Physicians. Physicians: observation 2022; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  57. Hospital bed density. Reference edition; observation: 2020. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  58. Obesity - adult prevalence rate. Reference edition; observation: 2016. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  59. Alcohol consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  60. Tobacco use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  61. Children under the age of 5 years underweight. Reference edition; observation: 2021. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  62. Currently married women (ages 15-49). Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  63. Education expenditure. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  64. Government education expenditure. Government education expenditure: observation 2022; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  65. School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  66. Environmental issues. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  67. International environmental agreements. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  68. Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  69. Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  70. Urbanization. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  71. Carbon dioxide emissions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  72. Particulate matter emissions. Reference edition; observation: 2019. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  73. Waste and recycling. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  74. Total water withdrawal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  75. Total renewable water resources. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  76. Country name. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  77. Government type. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  78. Capital. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  79. Administrative divisions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  80. Legal system. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  81. Constitution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  82. International law organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  83. Citizenship. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  84. Suffrage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  85. Executive branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  86. Legislative branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  87. Judicial branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  88. Political parties. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  89. Diplomatic representation in the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  90. Diplomatic representation from the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  91. International organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  92. Independence. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  93. National holiday. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  94. Flag. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  95. National symbol(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  96. National color(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  97. National anthem(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  98. National heritage. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  99. Economic overview. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  100. Real GDP (purchasing power parity). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  101. Real GDP growth rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  102. Real GDP per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  103. GDP (official exchange rate). Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 48,618,869,160.33 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 43,521,000,000 current US dollars (2024). Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  104. GDP. GDP: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 48,618,869,160.33 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 43,521,000,000 current US dollars (2024). ↩
  105. Inflation rate (consumer prices). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  106. GDP - composition, by sector of origin. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  107. GDP - composition, by end use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  108. Agricultural products. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  109. Industries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  110. Industrial production growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  111. Labor force. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  112. Unemployment rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  113. Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  114. Population below poverty line. Reference edition; observation: 2022. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  115. Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  116. Average household expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  117. Household income or consumption by percentage share. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  118. Remittances. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  119. Budget. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  120. Public debt. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  121. Taxes and other revenues. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  122. Current account balance. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  123. Exports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  124. Exports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  125. Exports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  126. Imports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  127. Imports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  128. Imports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  129. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  130. Exchange rates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  131. Electricity access. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  132. Electricity. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  133. Electricity generation sources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  134. Coal. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  135. Petroleum. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  136. Natural gas. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  137. Energy consumption per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  138. Telephones - fixed lines. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  139. Telephones - mobile cellular. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  140. Broadcast media. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  141. Internet country code. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  142. Internet users. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  143. Broadband - fixed subscriptions. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  144. Civil aircraft registration country code prefix. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  145. Airports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  146. Heliports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  147. Railways. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  148. Merchant marine. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  149. Ports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  150. Military and security forces. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  151. Military expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  152. Military and security service personnel strengths. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  153. Military equipment inventories and acquisitions. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  154. Military service age and obligation. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  155. Military deployments. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  156. Military - note. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  157. Refugees and internally displaced persons. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-09 12:23:42 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  158. Real GDP growth. Real GDP growth: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator denotes the percentage change over each previous year of the constant price (base year 2015) series in United States dollars. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?format=json ↩
  159. Consumer price inflation. Consumer price inflation: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?format=json ↩
  160. Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate). Unemployment (modeled ILO estimate): observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. The ILO modeled estimate is not necessarily directly comparable with national unemployment measures. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json ↩
  161. Access to electricity. Access to electricity: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?format=json ↩
  162. Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption. Renewable energy share of total final energy consumption: observation 2021; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?format=json ↩
  163. Individuals using the internet. Individuals using the internet: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. Source metadata: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?format=json ↩
  164. At least basic sanitation services. At least basic sanitation services: observation 2024; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Latest available World Bank series in 2020–2026; reference year is not retrieval year. May be modeled or revised; differing definitions and geography require review. No independent crosscheck; do not silently replace archived Factbook. ↩
  165. Adult literacy rate. Adult literacy rate: observation 2011; checked 2026-10-29; primary source checked. World Bank World Development Indicators. Primary source checked 2026-10-29T20:00:50.733Z. provider release 2026-10-08. source organization Data API, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources, note: The data are obtained through the UIS API. Detailed documentation is available at: https://api.uis.unesco.org/api/public/documentation/, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), type: Excel (bulk file), date accessed: 2026-03-19, date published: 2026-02. definition Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above). Original provider-reported country/economy series; unchanged historical boundaries are not asserted. Checked original WDI publication and metadata, not independent corroboration. ↩
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Countries & territories

Same-year values. Equal values share a rank.

Sources & method

Ranks cover available countries and territories, using the same indicator, source unit and reference year. Unrounded source values determine ties. Coverage is not a sovereign-country or complete global ranking; national definitions may differ. Missing values and other years are excluded. The information icon preserves the original number, unit and evidence.

RankCountry or territoryValue
Source information