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South Asia / IO

British Indian Ocean Territory

British Indian Ocean Territory flag
ⓘ

2021 Factbook flag mirror; image identity has not been individually audited. Source.

Last updated: October 29, 2026

British Indian Ocean Territory: CIA World Factbook map from 2021; original boundary notes preserved.
ⓘCIA World Factbook map, February 2021 media edition. Identity reviewed; current boundaries have not been audited. visual contact sheet or original identity check; does not verify current boundaries Boundaries, place names and designations may be dated or disputed; original annotations retained. SHA-256: 123a1ca7ee0453d971f75b5d5d7a7d793c418c034189b6e4a275b3b12f347de1. Provenance and inspection record.

Introduction

Background:1

Formerly administered as part of the British Crown Colony of Mauritius, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was established as an overseas territory of the UK in 1965. A number of the islands in the territory were later transferred to the Seychelles when it gained independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted of the six main island groups that make up the Chagos Archipelago. Only Diego Garcia, the largest and most southerly of the islands, is inhabited. It contains a joint UK-US naval support facility and hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system -- the others are on Kwajalein (Marshall Islands); at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US); and on Ascension Island (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha). The US Air Force also operates a telescope array on Diego Garcia as part of the Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (GEODSS) for tracking orbital debris, which can be a hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.

Between 1967 and 1973, the former agricultural workers who lived on the islands were relocated, primarily to Mauritius but also to the Seychelles. Negotiations with the UK between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund to compensate the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians. Beginning in 1998, the islanders pursued a series of lawsuits against the British Government, seeking further compensation and the right to return to the territory. British court rulings in 2006 and 2007 invalidated immigration policies that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago, but in 2008, the House of Lords -- the final court of appeal in the UK -- ruled in favor of the British Government by overturning the lower court rulings and finding no right of return for the Chagossians. In 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration unanimously held that the marine protected area that the UK declared around the Chagos Archipelago in 2010 violated the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

In 2019, the International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion that Britain’s decolonization of Mauritius was not lawful because of continued Chagossian claims. A non-binding 2019 UN General Assembly vote demanded that Britain end its “colonial administration” of the Chagos Archipelago and that it be returned to Mauritius. On 22 May 2025, the United Kingdom and Mauritius signed an agreement that will lead to the transfer of sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius. Under the agreement, the United Kingdom will lease Diego Garcia from Mauritius for 99 years and maintain full operational control of the joint UK-US military base.

Geography

Location:2

archipelago in the Indian Ocean, south of India, about halfway between Africa and Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:3

6 00 S, 71 30 E

note:Diego Garcia 7 20 S, 72 25 E

Map references:4

Political Map of the World

Area:5

total:60 sq km
land:60 sq km (44 Diego Garcia)
water:54,340 sq km
note:includes the entire Chagos Archipelago of 55 islands

Area - comparative:6

land area is about one-third the size of Washington, D.C.

Land boundaries:7

total:0 km

Coastline:8

698 km

Maritime claims:9

territorial sea:12 nm
Environment (Protection and Preservation) Zone:200 nm

Climate:10

tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds

Terrain:11

flat and low coral atolls (most areas do not exceed 2 m, or 6.6 ft, in elevation); sits atop the submarine volcanic Chagos-Laccadive Ridge

Elevation:12

highest point:ocean-side dunes on Diego Garcia 9 m
lowest point:Indian Ocean 0 m

Natural resources:13

coconuts, fish, sugarcane

Land use:14

agricultural land:0% (2018 est.)
arable land:0% (2018 est.)
permanent crops:0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture:0% (2018 est.)
forest:0% (2018 est.)
other:100% (2018 est.)

Natural hazards:15

none; located outside routes of Indian Ocean cyclones

Geography - note:16

note 1:archipelago of 55 islands; Diego Garcia, the largest and southernmost island, occupies a strategic location in the central Indian Ocean
note 2:Diego Garcia is the only inhabited island of the BIOT

People and Society

Population:17

total:no permanent inhabitants
note:Diego Garcia, the largest of the 58 islands, hosts a joint UK-US military facility

Environment

Environmental issues:18

wastewater discharge into the lagoon on Diego Garcia

Climate:19

tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds

Land use:20

agricultural land:0% (2018 est.)
arable land:0% (2018 est.)
permanent crops:0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture:0% (2018 est.)
forest:0% (2018 est.)
other:100% (2018 est.)

Government

Country name:21

conventional long form:British Indian Ocean Territory
conventional short form:none
abbreviation:BIOT
etymology:self-descriptive name specifying the territory's affiliation and location

Dependency status:22

overseas territory of the UK; administered by a commissioner, resident in the Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office in London

Capital:23

name:administered from London; often regarded as being on Diego Garcia
geographic coordinates:7 18S, 12 24E
time difference:UTC+6 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Legal system:24

the laws of the UK apply

Constitution:25

history:British Indian Ocean Territory (Constitution) Order 2004

Executive branch:26

chief of state:King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022)
head of government:Commissioner Nishi DHOLAKIA (since 16 December 2024); Administrator Bob FAIRWEATHER; both reside in the UK and are represented by Commander Andrew WILLIAMS, RN, the officer commanding British Forces on Diego Garcia (since January 2025)
cabinet:NA
election/appointment process:the monarchy is hereditary; commissioner and administrator appointed by the monarch

Diplomatic representation in the US:27

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:28

embassy:none (overseas territory of the UK)

International organization participation:29

UPU

Flag:30

description:white with six wavy blue horizontal stripes; the UK flag is in the upper-left quadrant; the striped section has a palm tree and yellow crown (the territory's symbols) centered on the right half of the flag
meaning:the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago

National anthem(s):31

title:"God Save the King"
lyrics/music:unknown
history:official anthem, as a UK overseas territory

Economy

Economic overview:32

small island territory economy; economic activity mainly on Diego Garcia with national military installations; recently settled disputes with Mauritius have increased oil exports; established marine reserve has limited commercial fishing

Exports - partners:33

Singapore 86%, Pakistan 8%, USA 1%, South Africa 1%, Czechia 1% (2023)

note:top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities:34

fish (2023)

note:top export commodities based on value in dollars over $500,000

Imports - partners:35

Greece 52%, Singapore 38%, USA 4%, Panama 2%, UAE 2% (2023)

note:top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities:36

refined petroleum, animal products, aluminum structures, insulated wire, prefabricated buildings (2023)

note:top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Exchange rates:37

the US dollar is used

Communications

Broadcast media:38

Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) broadcasts over 3 frequencies for US and UK military personnel stationed on the islands

Internet country code:39

.io

Communications - note:40

Diego Garcia hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are on Kwajalein (Marshall Islands), at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US), and on Ascension Island (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha))

Transportation

Airports:41

1 (2025)

Ports:42

total ports:1 (2024)
large:0
medium:0
small:0
very small:1
ports with oil terminals:1
key ports:Diego Garcia

Military and Security

Military and security forces:43

no regular military forces

Military - note:44

defense is the responsibility of the UK; on 22 May 2025, the United Kingdom and Mauritius signed an agreement that will lead to the transfer of sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius; under the agreement, the United Kingdom will lease Diego Garcia from Mauritius for 99 years and maintain full operational control of the joint UK-US military base

Historical observations

Notes & sources

  1. Background. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  2. Location. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  3. Geographic coordinates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  4. Map references. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  5. Area. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  6. Area - comparative. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  7. Land boundaries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  8. Coastline. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  9. Maritime claims. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  10. Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  11. Terrain. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  12. Elevation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  13. Natural resources. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  14. Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  15. Natural hazards. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  16. Geography - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  17. Population. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  18. Environmental issues. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  19. Climate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  20. Land use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  21. Country name. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  22. Dependency status. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  23. Capital. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  24. Legal system. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  25. Constitution. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  26. Executive branch. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  27. Diplomatic representation in the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  28. Diplomatic representation from the US. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  29. International organization participation. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  30. Flag. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  31. National anthem(s). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  32. Economic overview. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  33. Exports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  34. Exports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  35. Imports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  36. Imports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  37. Exchange rates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  38. Broadcast media. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  39. Internet country code. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  40. Communications - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  41. Airports. Reference edition; observation: 2025. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  42. Ports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  43. Military and security forces. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
  44. Military - note. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-11-20 20:56:48 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition last checked 2026-10-29 (retrieval only). ↩
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Countries & territories

Same-year values. Equal values share a rank.

Sources & method

Ranks cover available countries and territories, using the same indicator, source unit and reference year. Unrounded source values determine ties. Coverage is not a sovereign-country or complete global ranking; national definitions may differ. Missing values and other years are excluded. The information icon preserves the original number, unit and evidence.

RankCountry or territoryValue
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International organization